Presented by : Esraa Alkhusheiny

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Cognitive radio Overview
Spectrum sensing
Spectrum management
Spectrum sharing
Spectrum mobility
Remaining challenges


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CR technologies provide an opportunistic
spectrum sharing capability by enabling users to
perform functionalities of spectrum sensing
,spectrum management, spectrum sharing, and
spectrum mobility.
CR is regarded as promising technology to
increase the utilized portion of spectrum by
adaptive it is parameter depending on the
surrounding environment
Atypical CR network environment consists
of a number of primary radio networks that
are licensed to operate over spectrum bands
and one or more (secondary) CRN .
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Spectrum sensing techniques usually can be classified into
primary transmitter detection
Detection of signal from primary transmitter through
the observations of CR users
primary receiver detection
More efficient way to detect spectrum holes by
identifying the primary users that are receiving data
within the communication range of a CR user
interference based detection
Measures interference using interference
temperature model, allows CR users to use the
spectrum band as long as those users dont exceed the
interference limit.

enables the unlicensed users to adapt to the dynamic environment by
detecting and opportunistically using spectrum holes without causing
interference to the primary network
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spectrum analysis
Enables the characterization of different
spectrum bands with various parameters
(operating frequency, interference, bandwidth,
path loss etc) being considered .
spectrum decision
CRNs decide which the best spectrum band
among the available bands according to the
application requirement
required to decide the best available spectrum,
spectrum management functions are :
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Spectrum mobility

Unlicensed users vacate the channel when a licensed
user is detected and continue its communication in
another vacant portion of the spectrum
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Spectrum sharing can be classified by : the
architecture, spectrum allocation, and spectrum access technique.

1. The architecture
Centralized :
a centralized entity, controls the spectrum
allocation and access procedures
Distributed :
each CR user being responsible for spectrum
allocation/access based on its local
measurements

since there may be multiple unlicensed users trying to access
the spectrum, CRN access should be coordinated to avoid
collision between unlicensed users
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2. Spectrum allocation

the available spectrum can be allocated to CR user
either in cooperative or in non-cooperative manner

Cooperative :
local measurements of each CR user are shared
with the other users to improve spectrum
utilization
Non-cooperative :
selfish spectrum allocation scheme, performs
spectrum sharing by considering only the user at
hand
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3. Spectrum access technique

multiple CR users trying to access the same spectrum
simultaneously, both overlay and underlay spectrum
access techniques enabled in CRNs
Overlay :
a CR user access the network using spectrum
band that are not used by the licensed users.
Underlay :
CR users may access the spectrum that is used
by licensed users, CR users regarded as noise
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Primary user sensing challenges

it is difficult for a CR user to have a direct
measurement of a channel between a primary
receiver and transmitter .

Spectrum mobility challenges

switching from one channel to another, introduces
additional delay to CRNs, is called switching delay .
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Thank you