Tugas Matakuliah Instrumentasi

dan Pengukuran

Dwindra W M (23814003)
Problem 4.8
A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature inside a
vessel, which is part of a high-speed batch process. At time t = 0,
with the vessel at an initial temperature of 50 C, the vessel is
instantaneously filled with gas at 150C. One minute later,
instantaneously the gas is removed and the vessel is filled with
liquid at 50C. The thermocouple can be regarded as having linear
steady-state characteristics and first-order dynamics.
(a) Use the data given below to sketch a graph of how the
thermocouple e.m.f. changes with time. The axes of the graph
should have suitable scales and the answer should include
supporting numerical calculations.
(b) Comment on whether the thermocouple is suitable for this
application.
(c) What modifications should be made?

Ans



a. First condition(with unit step 150
o
C of gas temperature with specify
time of 60s)

1 6
2 3
1 2
1 2
1 1
2
10 40 /
10
0 . 1
2 . 0
2 . 0
10 5

= A A
=
=
=
=
=
C V x C V
m A
C Wm U
C Wm U
C Jkg C
Kg x M
o
o
l
o
g
o
s
x
x x
A U
MC
s
x
x x
A U
MC
g
l
g
g
10
10 1
2 . 0 10 5
50
10 2 . 0
2 . 0 10 5
3
2
3
2
= = =
= = =

t
t
mV x x T Tx V V
C T T T
mV x x TxT V V
C T
mV x x TxT V V
C T
o
o
o
o
4 100 10 40 /
100
6 150 10 40 /
150
2 50 10 40 /
50
6
0 1
6
1 1
1
6
0 0
= = A A A = A
= = A
= = A A =
=
= = A A =
=

In this case


At t=60s, we find


Second condition(with unit step 50

C of liquid temperature)
Let the result of V(60) first condition is the value of emf


Let

as response of first-order element with unit step. thus we got first order
equation
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
t
t F
o
exp 1 ) (
( ) ( )
t
t
V V t V
o

A + = exp 1 ) (
( ) ( )
50
exp 1 4 2 ) (
t
t V

+ =
( ) ( ) mV x V 795 , 4 6988 , 0 4 2
50
60
exp 1 4 2 ) 60 ( = + =

+ =
mV mV V V V
mV x x TxT V V
C T
mV V
o
795 , 2 795 , 4 2
2 50 10 40 /
50
758 , 4
0 1
6
1 1
1
0
= = = A
= = A A =
=
=

Thus
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
10
) 60 (
exp 1 795 , 2 795 , 4 ) (
t
t V
second
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
m
V
)

b. Not suitable
c. Change the value of smaller

which C and U is constant

-Change mass of thermocouple (M) smaller
-Change surface area of thermocouple (A)
greater
-add specify time value (t) more than 5
A U
MC
g
g
= t
g
t
g
t
Problem 4.9
A temperature measurement system for a gas reactor consists of linear elements and has an
overall steady-state sensitivity of unity. The temperature sensor has a time constant of 5.0s; an
ideal low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 0.05 Hz is also present. The input temperature
signal is periodic with period 63 s and can be approximated by the Fourier series:



where 0 is the angular frequency of the fundamental component.
(a) Calculate expressions for the time response of:
(i) the system output signal
(ii) the system dynamic error.
(b) Explain what modifications are necessary to the system to minimize the dynamic error in (a).

Note
An ideal low-pass filter has a gain of one and zero phase shift up to the cut-off frequency. The
gain is zero above the cut-off frequency.
) 4 sin
4
1
3 sin
3
1
2 sin
2
1
(sin 10 ) ( t t t t t T
o o o o
e e e e + + + =
Solv



i. Open loop

+ = A
n
n o o n
t n jn G I t O
1
) sin( ) ( ) ( | e e
Hz f
T
s T
s
c
o
05 , 0
1 , 0
2
63
5
=
= = =
=
t
e
t
) 5 , 26 1 , 0 sin( 8944 , 0 10 10
015 , 0
2
1 , 0
2
2
56 , 26 ) 5 1 , 0 ( tan ) ( tan
8944 , 0
5 1 , 0 1
1
1
1
) (
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2 2
1
o
o
t x O I
Hz f f
x
j G
= A =
= = = =
= = =
=
+
=
+
=

t t
e
t e
t e |
t e
e
Hz f
LPF
c
05 , 0 =
s
le thermocoup
5 1
1
+
) (t T
M
) (t T
) 45 2 , 0 sin( 7170 , 0
2
10
2
10
031 , 0
2
2 , 0
2
2
45 ) 5 1 , 0 2 ( tan ) 2 ( tan
7071 , 0
) 5 1 , 0 2 ( 1
1
) 2 ( 1
1
) 2 (
2 2
1
2
2 2 2
1 1
2
2 2
o
o
o
o
t O I
Hz f f
x x
x x
j G
= A =
= = = =
= = =
=
+
=
+
=

t t
e
t e
t e |
t e
e
) 3 , 56 3 , 0 sin( 55 , 0
3
10
3
10
047 , 0
2
3 , 0
2
2
3 , 56 ) 5 1 , 0 3 ( tan ) 3 ( tan
554 , 0
) 5 1 , 0 3 ( 1
1
) 3 ( 1
1
) 3 (
3 3
3
3 3 3
1 1
3
2 2
o
o
o
o
t O I
Hz f f
x x
x x
j G
= A =
= = = =
= = =
=
+
=
+
=

t t
e
t e
t e |
t e
e





Because frequency upper frequency cut-off of low pass filter, thus

4
1
063 , 0
2
4 , 0
2
2
43 , 63 ) 5 1 , 0 4 ( tan ) 4 ( tan
447 , 0
) 5 1 , 0 4 ( 1
1
) 4 ( 1
1
) 4 (
4
4
4 4 4
1 1
4
2 2
=
= = = =
= = =
=
+
=
+
=

I
Hz f f
x x
x x
j G
o
o
o
t t
e
t e
t e |
t e
e
(

+ + = ) 3 , 56 3 , 0 sin(
3
55 , 0
) 5 , 26 2 , 0 sin(
2
707 , 0
) 5 , 26 1 , 0 (sin( 894 , 0 10 ) (
o o o
M
t t t t T
0
4
= AO
ii. Dynamic Error

or
) ( ) ( ) ( t I t O t E A A =
| | | |
| | t t t
t t t t t E
t t t t
t t t t E
t T t T t E
o
o o
o o o o
o o o
M
4 , 0 sin
4
10
3 , 0 sin ) 3 , 56 3 , 0 sin( 55 , 0
3
10
) 2 , 0 sin( ) 5 , 26 2 , 0 sin( 707 , 0
2
10
) 1 , 0 sin( ) 5 , 26 1 , 0 (sin( 894 , 0 10 ) (
) 4 sin
4
1
3 sin
3
1
2 sin
2
1
(sin 10
) 3 , 56 3 , 0 sin(
3
55 , 0
) 5 , 26 2 , 0 sin(
2
707 , 0
) 5 , 26 1 , 0 (sin( 894 , 0 10 ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
+
+ =
(

+ + +
(

+ + =
=
e e e e
b.
-increase frequency cut-off of LPF > 0,063Hz
in order to let frequency of 4
th
sine wave of the input.
-Reduce time constant of the system, in order to stable the
gain at 1 and reduce angle phase
) ( ) ( 0 ) ( t T t T t E
M
~ ~
0
0 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
) (
1 ) (
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
~
~ + ~
+
~
+
=
~
t
t e t e
t e t e
e
e
j G
j G
0 0
) ( tan 0
) ( tan 0
1
1
~ ~
~
= ~

t et
et
et | |