VET3063

ELECTRICITY and
ELECTRONICS
2
Introduce Yourself
Where are you from?
What experience do you have in
electronics?
What is interesting about
yourself?
What do you want to learn in this
class?
Test (1 hour) 10%
Quiz (4 times) 10%
Lab work (min: 4 exp) 20%
Mini Project (10 weeks) 20%
Final Exam (2 hours) 40%
COURSE EVALUATION

RI
ELECTRICITY and ELECTRONICS
- BASIC PRINCIPLES -
5
Dr. Van de Graaff
(MIT Professor)
designed and built
this generator as a
research tool in early
atom-smashing and
high energy X-ray
experiments.

This is the standard
of excellence we
should aspire to.
After completing this lecture you should be able to:
2. Define the basic electrical terms.
1. Describe the different between electrical and
electronics terms.
3. Define insulator, conductor and semiconductor.
7
Scientific Notation
Prefix Symbol Decimal Power of Ten
tera T
1,000,000,000,000
10
12

giga G
1,000,000,000
10
9

mega M
1,000,000
10
6

kilo k
1,000
10
3

basic unit
1
milli m
.001
10
3
micro
.000001
10
6

nano n
.000000001
10
9

pico p
.000000000001
10
12

8

Current (I)

Flow of electrons past a point.
Unit of measurement is ampere (A).
1A = 1 coulomb of charge flowing past a
point for 1 second.
The electric current is defined as the rate of
change of electric charge with respect to time.
Basic Electrical Terms
9
Resistance (R)
The opposition by an electrical conductor to
the flow of a current through itself, resulting in
a conversion of electrical energy into heat and
radiation.
The SI derived unit of resistance is the ohm
().
Symbol: R.
Basic Electrical Terms
10

Electromotive Force (emf)

Emf is the work done by the battery force
in moving unit charge from one electrode
to another

Unit of measurement is volt (V).
Basic Electrical Terms
11
Atomic Theory - Foundation for Solid State
Devices
Atom - Smallest part of an element that retains
the characteristics of that element.
Compound - 2 or more elements chemically
combined.
Molecule Smallest part of a compound.
Definitions
What is electronic ?
What is electrical ?
INTRODUCTION
Electronics is a branch of science and technology
that deals with the flow of electrons through
nonmetallic conductors, mainly semiconductors such
as silicon.
Electrical is a branch of science and technology,
which deal with the flow of electrons and other
charge carriers through metallic conductors such as
copper.

This distinction started around 1906 with the invention
of triode by Lee De Forest.

Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology"
because its principal application was the design and
theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuum
tubes.
The study of semiconductor devices and related
technology is considered a branch of physics,

whereas

The design and construction of electronic circuits to
solve practical problems come under electronics
engineering.
Types of circuits
Analog & Digital Circuits
Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as
opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.


One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely
analog.

These days analog circuitry may use digital or even
microprocessor techniques to improve performance.

This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal"
rather than analog or digital.


Difficult to differentiate between analog
and digital circuits ----> have elements
of both linear and non-linear operation.
Digital circuits are electric circuits based
on a number of discrete voltage levels.


CONDUCTOR
In science and engineering, an electrical
conductor is a material which contains
movable electric charges.
In metallic conductors, such as copper or
aluminum, the movable charged particles are
electrons.
Positive charges may also be mobile in the
form of atoms in a lattice that are missing
electrons (known as holes), or in the form of
ions, such as in the electrolyte of a battery.
All conductors contain electric charges
which will move when an electric potential
difference is applied across separate points
on the material.
This flow of charge is what is meant by
electric current.
In most materials ---> obey Ohm's law,
Most familiar conductors are metallic.

Copper is the most common material used
for electrical wiring.

Gold is the best conductor, but is expensive.


The motion of charges also creates an
electromagnetic field around the
conductor.
Gold is used for high-quality surface-to-
surface contacts.

However, there are also many non-
metallic conductors, including graphite,
solutions of salts, and all plasmas.
An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a
material that resists the flow of electric
current.

An insulating material has atoms with tightly
bonded valence electrons.

The best insulators have 8 valance
electron.

Glass or Teflon are very good electrical
insulators.

INSULATOR
A much larger class of materials, for
example rubber-like polymers and most
plastics are still "good enough" to insulate
electrical wiring and cables even though
they may have lower bulk resistivity.

These materials can serve as practical and
safe insulators for low to moderate voltages
(hundreds, or even thousands, of volts).
SEMICONDUCTOR
Semiconductor is a material that has
electrical properties (resistivity/conductivity)
value between that of a conductor and an
insulator.
The best conductors have 1 valance electron,
whereas the best insulators have 8 valence
electrons.
The conductivity of a semiconductor material
can be varied under an external electrical
field.

Semiconductor ??
Silicon is used to create most semi-
conductors commercially.
Others ??
PERIODIC TABLE
Energy Band gap
ENERGY BAND DIAGRAM
Energy band diagram: (a) conductor (b) semiconductor (c) insulator
ANY QUESTION??
What have you learned today ??
THE END