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Non Food base

biomass
Group # 11

Roll# 2011-ch-238
2011-ch-244
2011-ch-268
Biomass
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or
recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or
plant-derived materials
As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly
via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after
converting it to various forms of biofuel
Examples :Alfalfa, Barley , Canola (seeds, stalks),Corn
(grains, stalks),Oats (grains, straw), Potatoes (tubers, tops),
Soybeans, Sugar beets

Bio fuel
A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from
geologically recent carbon fixation.
These fuels are produced from living organisms.
The biomass can be converted to convenient energy
containing substances three different ways: thermal
conversion, chemical conversion and biochemical
conversion.
The biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid,
or gas form.
Examples: Ethanol, Methanol, Biodiesel, Green diesel,
Biofuel gasoline, Vegetable oil, Bio ethers, Biogas

Types of bio fuels
First generation bio fuel
Fuel generated from eatable bio mass is known first
generation bio fuel .First generation bio fuels are made from
the sugars and vegetable oils found in arable crops, which
can be easily extracted using conventional technology.eg
Second generation bio fuel
Fuel generated from non eatable bio mass is known as
second generation .these bio fuels are made from ligno-
cellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or
waste, which makes it harder to extract the required fuel.
Feed stock for second generation
bio fuel
1) Ligno cellulosic feedstocks
Agricultural residues (e.g., crop residues, sugarcane bagasse)
Forest residues
Herbaceous and woody energy crops.
2) Municipal and solid waste
3) Black liquor (frying oil, tallow, soap stock,
trap grease)

Agricultural residues:
Agriculture residue includes barley straw, corn stover, wheat straw, rice
straw, sorghum straw, wheat straw, sugarcane, bagasse. Agricultural
residues differ in their chemical composition, which leads to different biofuel
yields per unit of feedstock.

Ligno cellulosic feedstocks

Herbaceous and woody crops

Jatropha fence
Castor
Pongamia
Hevea Brasiliensis (Rubber Tree)
Hevea Brasiliensis
Miscanthus


Herbaceous and woody crops


Extraction Bio Fuel
Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be
achieved by different methods which are
broadly classified as:

1.Thermal
2.Biochemical
3.Chemical conversion

Thermal conversion
1. Gasification
2. Pyrolysis
3. Torrefaction

Gasification

Gasification technologies are well established for conventional feed stocks such
as coal and crude oil. Second generation gasification technologies include
gasification of forest and agricultural residues, waste wood. Output is normally
synthesis gas for further synthesis to e.g. bio methanol, Bio DME or bio
methane. Syngas can also be used in heat production and for generation of
mechanical and electrical power via gas motors or gas turbines.

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is a well established technique for decomposition of
organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of
oxygen. In second generation biofuels applications forest and
agricultural residues and wood waste can be used as feedstock
to produce e.g. bio-oil for fuel oil applications.
Torrefaction
Torrefaction is a form of pyrolysis at
temperatures typically ranging between
200-320C. Feedstocks and output are the
same as for pyrolysis.

Bio chemical conversion
Chemical and biological processes that are currently used in other
applications are being adapted for second generation bio fuels.
Biochemical processes typically employ pre-treatment to accelerate the
hydrolysis process, which separates out the lignin, hemi cellulose and
cellulose. Once these ingredients are separated, the cellulose fractions
can be fermented into alcohols.

Feedstocks are agricultural and forest residues, food industry and
municipal bio waste and other biomass containing sugars. Products
include alcohols (such as ethanol and butanol) and other hydrocarbons
for transportation use.
Bio hydrogen might be accomplished with some organisms that
produce hydrogen directly under certain conditions. Bio hydrogen can
be used in fuel cells to produce electricity.

Advantages
Growing these crops in abundance has the effect of reducing
the carbon dioxide levels available in the environment. This is
achieved through the natural photosynthesis process of plants,
which sees them take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the
environment. This process helps in reducing global over warming
considerably.

The Ozone Layer formation is a natural process required to provide
a blanket of warmth to earth making it habitable. However, when
carbon dioxide levels are excessive in the environment they create
holes in the ozone layer, which subjects earth to the direct rays of
the sun resulting in global over warming
Conti
The process of biomass creation utilizes wastes, which places into
use the substances that would otherwise be occupying landfills. The
world is faced with the problem of getting rid of wastes permanently
using appropriate methods. Using the wastes to generate biomass
fuel provides a solution catering for part of the world's waste
disposal needs.

Biomass fuel has been presented as a cost effective means of
acquiring energy as opposed to acquiring energy from oil supplies.
Not every country is blessed with their own supply of oil and most
countries source for oil from countries that produce it. With oil
supplies being depleted, the commodity has also become
increasingly costly.

Limitations /Environmental
impacts
On the contrary, biomass crops are seen as occupying land, which
could have been utilized in growing food crops.

The burning of bio mass produces excess of carbon di oxide in the
environment which causes pollution in environment.

Nitrogen, Sulphur (S) and Chlorine ( Cl) contribute to smog, and acid
rain and having negative impact on human health and air quality.

Chemical conversion of bio mass into bio fuel produces hazardous
chemical species in environment eg, Hg, PbSO4

Availability in Pakistan


It estimates that Pakistan has almost 159 million animals that
produce almost 652 million kilogram of manure daily from cattle and
buffalo only, which can be used to generate 16.3 million-cubic-
meters biogas per day and 21 million tonnes of bio fertiliser per year.
It can easily compensate around 20 per cent of nitrogen and 66 per
cent of phosphorus requirement in the crop fields, the study
estimates.
Refrences
Second-Generation Biofuels Economics and Policies
Miguel A. Carriquiry Xiaodon

Biofuels from Waste and Non Edible Feedstocks
Martin Mittelbach
"International Biofuels Strategy Project. Liquid Transport
Biofuels - Technology Status Report

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