Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University

Participation is defined as mental and emotional

(and physical) involvement of persons in group
situations that encourage them to contribute to
group goals and share responsibility for them.
-Keith Davis

Participation is used to designate the process by
which people contribute ideas towards the solution
of problems affecting organization and their jobs.
-Dale S. Beach
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Consultative Management: A consultative committee
may be constituted with union leaders and managers.
This committee will suggest the top management
regarding the issues.

Democratic Management: A very useful
system/program is the formation of democratic
management. This system will discuss the issues time
to time and place its report before the top
management.

Production Committee: Production committee can
contribute to report about the existing production level
and future trend. Because, management is eager to
know the latest position.
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Suggestions Program: Suggestions programs
are formal plans invite individual employees to
recommend work improvements.


Self-managing Team: It is termed as semi-
autonomous work groups or socio-technical
teams. These teams are given a high degree of
decision making autonomy, they are expected to
control their own behavior and results.
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Employee Ownership Plans: employee ownership of
an industry emerges when employees provide the
capital to purchase control of an existing operation.

Quality Circles: These are voluntary groups that
receive training in statistical techniques and problem-
solving skill and then meet to produce ideas for
improving productivity and working conditions.

Total Quality Management (TQM): TQM approach
ensures the involvement of every employee in the
process of searching for continuous improvements in
their operations.

Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
More Productivity
Development of
Motivation
Increased job
satisfaction
Quality of Work
Changed Decision
Commitment to Goal
Achievement
Less Cost and Time
Low Turnover
Minimum Absenteeism
Cordial Relationship
Work Enthusiasm
Increased Creativity
Sense of Responsibility
Easy Decision Making
Development of Morale
Increased Capacity &
Influence
Positive Work
Environment.
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University

Union attitudes toward participation: There are two vies on this issue.
Some leaders think that participation may waken their strength to
challenge managements decision. Opposite view is that, they can work
better after getting all possible pros & cons.

Limitations of participation: Some factors may came less use of
participation. Lack of higher level support, higher cost, less training,
problems at all stages and lack of substantial efforts to employment the
decision are major limitations.

Management involvement: All out supports from management is a
must for every successful participation. For the purpose, management
must take initiative, train people, create favorable environment, allocate
money etc.

Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Lower level workers
cannot participate
Lack of confidence
Employee
manipulation
Costly & time
consuming
Feudalistic mentality
Unwillingness of
employees
More political
involvement
Recklessness
Lack of top level
support
Less training
Lack of efforts
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Adequate time to
participate
Potential benefit is
greater than costs
Relevance to
employee interests
Adequate employee
abilities to deal with
the subject
Mutual ability to
communicate
No feeling of threat to
either party
Favorable
environment
Top management
commitment
Sense of
responsibility
Policy support
Cultural heritage of
the organization
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Situation
Participation
Programs
Involvement
Mental
Emotional
Results
Organization
High Productivity
High Quality
Creativity
Initiative
Employee
Acceptability
Self Efficient
Low Stress
Satisfaction
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Participation at the
Board level
Participation through
ownership
Participation through
complete control
Participation through
staff or works council
Participation through
collective bargaining
Participation through job
enlargement and job
enrichment
Participation through
Suggestions Schemes
Participation through
quality circles
Empowered teams
Total Quality
Management
Mir Sohrab Hossain, Associate Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University