NETWORK

NETWORK
• A network is a group of devices (nodes) connected by
media links. A node can be a computer, printer or any
other device capable of sending and receiving data
generated by other nodes on the netwörk. The links that
connect the node are called communication channels.

• Network use distributed processing, in which a task is

divided among many computers. Instead of a single
large machine each separate computer handles a
subset.

• In other words, A group of computers and associated

peripherals connected by a communication channel
capable of sharing files and other resources between
several users is called Network.
 ESSENTIAL OF NETWORKS:

(1) Terminals (Computers)

(2) Softwares

(3) Hardware Peripherals

 (1) TERMINALS/NODES/WORKSTATIONS:

To form a network it is the most vital part of all and

it can be divided into three types.

(i) Dumb Terminal

(ii) Smart Terminal

(iii) Intelligent Terminal

(i) Dumb Terminal:

A combination of keyboard and monitor that has no local

computing power, used to input/output information to or from a
remote controlling computer.

(ii) Smart Terminal

A terminal that has its own processing section for little

computing not for programming. It is also connected to
controlling computers for the programming and major tasks.
• (iii) lntelligent Terminal:
• A terminal which has its own processing section,
limited storage capacity and itself a
programmable as well as independently performs
major tasks but it has not secondary disk storage
capacity (Normally). It is also not able to perform
complex & sharing process and for these, it
depends on the remote controlling computer.
• TYPES OF NETWORK

• Network can be divided into two manner. –

• (1) According to Range

• (2) According to Topology (Mapping)

• (1) ACCORDINGTO RANGE:
• It has also three types -
• (i) Peer-to-Peer Network
• (ii) Local Area Network (LAN)
• (iii) Wide Area Network (WAN)
• (2) ACCORDING TO TOPOLOGIES
• It has also the following types -
• (i) Bus Network (ii) Ring Network
• (iii) Star Network (iv) Mesh Network
• CONNECTIVITY DEVICES
• NETWORK TYPES : ACCORDING TO RANGE
• (1) Peer-To-Peer Network:
• A peer-to-peer is a network in which two or more
nodes can communicate with each other directly,
without the need for any intermediary devices.
Each node in a peer-to-peer network can be a
client and a server simultaneously. All
computers (nodes) in a network are capable of
accessing data, software and other network
resources directly.
• In other words, it is a very small network for a limited
space like small office / institution. In which all the
intelligent terminals are used. There is no dedicated file
server is used but networking is only for communication
or sharing drives, files and printers etc.
Benefits :-

1. Peer-to-peer network are relatively easy to

implement and operate.

2. Peer-to-peer network is also inexpensive to operate.

Uses :
Peer-to-peer networking has two primary uses are:-

1. It is ideally suited for small organization with a limited

budget for information technologies and limited need
for information sharing.

2. Workgroups within larger organization can also use

this methodology for a tighter sharing of information
within a particular group.
• (2) LAN (Local AreaNetwork):

• A local area network links the devices in a single

office, building or campus.

• A LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a

printer in ones home office, or it can be
throughout a company and include voice, sound
and video peripherals.

• At present, LAN - size is restricted to a few

kilometers.
 In brief, we can say that LAN is a digital
communication system in which the large
numbers of computers are inter-
connected with their associated peripherals by
cables, within a particular geographical area.

• LANs allow resource sharing between personal

computers or workstations. The resources
means hardware (eg. a printer), software (eg. an
application program), or data.
• A common example of a LAN is a work
group of job related computers, for
example, engineering workstations or
accounting PCs.

• One of the computers is given a

large - capacity disk drive and becomes a
server to the other clients. Software is
stored on this central server and used as
needed by the whole group.
In addition size, LANs stand apart from other types of networks by
their transmission media and topology.

In LAN use achieve upto 100 Mbps data transmission speed.

However, since all the equipment is located within a single

establishment, LANs are normally installed and maintained by the
organization. Hence they are also refered to as Private Data
Networks.

There are two quite different types of LAN : wired LANs and wireless
LANs. As the name simply, wired LANs utilised (fixed) wiring such as
twisted pair or coaxial cable - as the transmission medium, while
wireless LAN utilised Radio or light waves. Examples of LANs are -

ETHERNET By Xerox Corporation. OMININET BY CORVUS

SYSTEM.
(3) WAN (Wide Area Network):

A Wide Area Network is a network that connects users across

large distances, often crossing the geographical boundaries of
cities or states.
In other words, Wan is a digital communication system
used nationwide or worldwide. In this network, computers
and small networks are inter-connected without cables but
with the help of telephone lines, microwave and satellite
links. Ex. ARPANET by US Defense Department
.INDONET by CMC India.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

LAN & WAN

• The range of LAN is very limited (i.e. 1 km)
and it may be increased by using repeaters.
Instead of WAN is unlimited (i.e. world wide).

• The communication medium in LAN Is private

(i.e. owned by the user) while a WAN is a
public system (i.e. hired by the user).
• In LAN the data transmission cost is
negligible but in WAN it is very much
because medium is hired.
• In LAN the terminals are connected
physically (i.e. by coaxial or fiber-optic
cables) but in WAN Network is formed by
telephone lines, Microwave and satellite
links.
• LAN is faster than WAN in reference to
data transmission speed.
• In LAN data transmission accuracy is
much higher (because distance is very
less and medium is private).
Types of Network Terminal

• SERVER

• CLIENT
 SERVER

• In Networking any computer which

serves its all available facilities to all
other computers of a Network (like
access of files. Communication,
printing etc) is termed as SERVER.
 CLIENT

• A Client may be a PC or a workstation

on a network
using services
provided by the network server.
 NETWORK TYPES
ACCORDING TO TOPOLOGIES
(MAPPINGS)
• Bus Network

• Ring Network

• Star Network

• Mesh Network
 Bus Network
• In networking, a method of connections of
computers that allows all network nodes to
receive the same message through the
network cable at the same time.
 Advantage of Bus Network
• Short cable length and simple wiring layout.
Because there is a single common data path
connecting all nodes, the bus topology allows a
very short cable length to be used.

• Additional nodes can be connected to an

existing bus network at any point along its
length.
Disadvantages of the Bus Network:
• In most LANs based on a bus, control of
the network is not centralized in any
particular node. This means that detection
of a fault may be performed from many
points in the network.
• If a node is faulty on a bus. It must be
rectified at the point where the node is
connected to the network. Once the fault
has been located. The node can simply be
removed.
 Ring Network:
• In this type of network, there is a closed loop or circle
is formed in which each node in the network is
connected to the next and message move in one
direction around the system.
• When a message arrives at a node, the node
examines the address information in the message. If
the address matches the node’s address, the
message is accepted, otherwise the node regenerates
the signal and places the message back on the
network for the next node in the system. It is this
regeneration that allows a ring network to cover much
greater distances than star and bus network.
 Advantages of the Ring Network:

• The amount of cabling involved in a ring topology is

comparable to that of bus and is small relative to that
of star. This means that less connection will be
needed, which will in turn increase network reliability.

• Since there is only one cable connecting each node to

its immediate neighbours, it is not necessary to
allocate space in the building for wiring closets.

• Optical fiber offers the possibility of very high speed

transmission, Because traffic on a ring travel in one
direction, it is easy to use optical fiber as medium of
transmission.
 Disadvantages of Ring Network:
• The transmission of data on a ring goes through every
connected node on the ring before returning to the
sender. If one node fails to pass through itself, the
entire network has failed and no traffic can flow until
the defective node has been removed from the ring.

• The fact that failure of one node will effect all others
has serious implication for fault diagnosis.

• For a very big ring network it is not possible to shut

down a small section of the ring while keeping the
majority of it working normally while rectifying the
problem at some node.
 STAR NETWORK

In this type of network the computers are

connected in the form of a star. In which at
the center of the star is a wiring hub or
concentrator and the nodes are arranged
around the central point representing the
points of the star.
Each node is directly connected to the
hub so due to this failure of any node does
not restricts the complete network but it is
very costly system because each computer
has separate wiring.
 Advantages of the Star Network:
• The star topology has a number of
concentration points i.e. at the central node.
These provide easy access for service of
reconfiguration of the network.
• Connection points in any network are inherently
prone to failure. If one node goes off (fail) the
entire system will not be affected and only that
node can be removed.
• The fact that the central node is connected
directly to every other node in the network
means that faults are easily detected and
isolated.
Disadvantages of the Star Network:

• Because each node is directly connected to

the centre, the star topology necessitates a
large quantity of cable.
• If the central node in a star network fails, the
entire network will go down.
 Mesh Network:

A mesh network has point-to-point

connections between every device in the
network. Each device requires an interface for
every other device on the network, mesh
topologies are not usually considered
practically.
 Advantages of Mesh Network:

• It has very much fault tolerance capacity.

In case of a media failure the signal can
be bypassed through the other roots.

• We can use this network as any other kind

of network.
Disadvantages of Mesh Network:

• Installation is very difficult.

• Very much expensive network.

 ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKS

(i) Security/Encapsulation
A system can limit the kinds of interactions
that a user can have with the entire system. For
example, a bank can allow an user access to his own
account through an automated teller machine (ATM)
but not to banks entire database.
(ii) Distributed Databases:
A single system need not have storage capacity for
entire database. So we can use different computer to
store database. For example, the World Wide Web
gives access to information that is actually stored
anywhere on the Internet.
(iii) Fast Problem Solving:
Multiple computers working on segments of a problem
concurrently can solve the problem faster than a single
working alone.

(iv) Secuirty through Redundancy:

Multiple computers running the same program at the same
time provide security through redundancy. For example, in
the space shuttle, three computers run the same program
so that if one develops a hardware error, the other two can
override it.

(v) Collaborative Processing:

Both multiple computers and multiple user may interact on a
task. For example, in a chatroom action of one person are
visible to and affect all the others.