CIGO G.A.

Roll No: 52
Guided by:
Mr. SREEKUMAR N.R.
Earthquake design has been based on ductility design
concept.
Seismic Base isolation Most promising alternatives.
Conventional buildings subjected to storey drift-
Isolated structures vibrates large deformations.
Adopted for new structures and retrofit of existing
buildings and bridges.

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Enhance performance of structures at all hazard levels by:-

Minimizing interruption of use of facility.

Reducing damaging deformations in structural and non structural
components

Reducing acceleration response to minimize contents related to
damage.

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Ground moves restores due to inertial forces
building vibrates complex motion.
Flexible layer shift natural period
dominant period of earthquake ground motion
avoid the destructive effect.
Approach not to strengthen the building
reduce the effect of earthquake forces.
Important technique base isolation and
energy dissipation device.



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Requirements defined by
performance of shocks and operating
loads.
Flexibility to increase period of
vibration and thus reduce force
response
Energy dissipation to control the
isolation system displacement.
Rigidity under low loads such as wind
and minor earthquakes.
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Structure is decoupled from horizontal
components layer with low horizontal
stiffness fundamental frequency lower than
fixed base frequency lower predominant
frequencies .
Isolation system deflects it dynamics of the
structure.
Base Isolated structure supported by series
of bearing pads variety of bearing pads are
developed.
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Elastomeric Bearings
Low - Damping Natural or Synthetic Rubber Bearing.
High - Damping Natural Rubber Bearing.
Lead Rubber Bearing.

Sliding bearings
Flat sliding bearing.
Spherical sliding bearing.
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Major Components:
- Rubber layers: Provide Lateral flexibility
- Steel Shims: Provide Vertical Stiffness to support building weight while
limiting lateral bulging of rubber
- Lead plug: Provides source of energy dissipation.

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Low damping rubber bearing








High damping rubber bearing








Lead rubber bearing
Linear behavior in shear Damping ratio
= 2 to 3%- Max shear strain 100%


Damping ratio = 10 to 20%- Max shear
strain 200 to 350%.



Low damping rubber combined with
central lead core. Max shear strain= 125-
200%.

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Spherical sliding bearing or
Friction pendulum system









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Flat sliding bearing do not
increase natural period limit
shear force transferred to the
structure.
Requires supplemental self
centering mechanism to prevent
permanent isolation.
Not commonly used in building
structures
















Buildings themselves inherent ability to damp buildings dissipate
energy large scale movement increased internal strains varying
degrees of damage.
Wide range of energy dissipation device is developed.
Damping devices are grouped into
Friction Dampers: utilize frictional forces to dissipate energy.
Metallic dampers: utilize the deformation of metal elements.
Viscoelastic dampers: utilize the controlled shearing of solids.
Viscous dampers: utilize the forced movement of fluids.











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Acceleration in the structure is reduced so that the amount of strengthening
required to prevent collapse is reduced.
Force reductions on the structure apply equally to occupants and contents,
protecting them equally.
Motion of structure becomes as rigid body. This greatly reduces problem of
shedding of external cladding.
Because virtually all the displacements at the isolators, the mathematical
predictions of response are simpler.











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Applicability of Base Isolation system

Most Effective
- Structure on stiff soil
- Structure with low fundamental period
(Low-Rise Building)
Least Effective
- Structure on soft soil
- Structure with high fundamental period
(High-Rise Building)


















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Rubber bearings base isolators are commonly used in modern buildings.
Rubber, steel and damping system combines to turn otherwise dangerous
earthquakes into minor threats.
Base isolation provides the highest level of protection operational - after a
major earthquake
Base isolation has significant benefits for the earthquake protection of historic
structures
Base isolated buildings are also capable of resisting blast loads and their
ability to move reduces the overall impact of the blast force on the building.












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