Course Title: Business Statistics

BBA (Hons)
2
nd
Semester

Course Instructor: Atiq ur Rehman Shah
Lecturer, Federal Urdu University of Arts,
Science & Technology, Islamabad

Learning Objective

Concept about No of observations,
Maximum and minimum value,
Frequency distribution and cumulative
Frequency distribution
Determine the range of variation
Class width determination
Location of class limit

Raw Data: IT Department Graduate Level (MCS)

2.14 3.73 3.43 3.28
2.04 2.83 3.13 3.11
2.52 3.98 2.73 2.04
4.00 3.45 3.37 2.00
3.31 2.96 3.16 3.52
2.54 2.49 2.15 3.75
2.85 2.26 1.85
Maximum
Minimum
Number of observations = 27
Frequency Distribution

A representation, either in a graphical or
tabular format, which displays the number of
observations within a given interval.
The intervals must be mutually exclusive.
Steps:

1. Deciding number of classes into which the
data are to be grouped
This is done with a simple formula.
K = 1 + 3.3Log N
Where K is Number of classes and N is the
Total Number of observations.


In this example, the classes were found using
this formula.
K= 1 + 3.3 Log (27)
K= 5.7
Rounding that off to the next whole number
got the number of classes. Which is 6.
Therefore Number of Classes = 6

2. Determine the range of variation
This is the difference between the largest
and the smallest value in the data.
4- Largest value
1.85- Smallest value
So, Range= 4 - 1.85
Range = 2.15
3. Class width determination
Determining the approximate width of the classes can be
done by dividing the Range by Number of Classes.

Range- 2.15, Number of Classes- 6
Class width(Approximate) = 2.15/6
= 0.35
The approximate class width therefore used is 0.35



4. Location of class limit
The largest value in the data is 4, and therefore that is the upper limit of
the last class in the data. The class width can then be subtracted from
each limit until the minimum value is accommodated in the first class.
The classes are made like this:
4- 0.35 = 3.65
3.65- Becomes the lower limit
4- Is the upper limit

The next class is calculated by:
3.64-0.35= 3.29
3.64- Upper limit
3.29- Lower limit
The next class is calculated by:
3.28-0.35 = 2.93
3.28- Upper limit
2.93 Lower limit

This process is continued until the last class is
made.
2.20-0.35 = 1.85
2.20- Upper Limit
1.85- Lower Limit

5. Distributing data into appropriate classes
Classes Class Boundaries X Frequency (F) Tally Cumulative (CF)
1.85-2.20 1.845-2.205 2.025 6 lllll l 6
2.21-2.56 2.205-2.565 2.385 5 lllll 11
2.57-2.92 2.565-2.925 2.745 3 lll 14
2.93-3.28 2.925-3.285 3.105 5 lllll 19
3.29-3.64 3.285-3.645 3.465 5 lllll 24
3.65-4 3.645-4.005 3.825 3 lll 27
Sum 27