INTRODUCTION

Structure of Electric Power Systems

Power System Components
Generators
Transformers
Transmission Lines
Feeders
Motors
Capacitor Banks
Bus Bars
Reactors
Abnormal Conditions In A Power System
Short circuits in the transmission or distribution
lines
Over-voltages due to switching or lightning

Over-speeding of generators or motors
Loss of excitation of the machines
Overheating of the stator and rotor of the
machines
Low oil levels in the transformers and circuit
breakers

Need For Power System Protection
To detect abnormalities (faults)
To eliminate such abnormality by isolating
smallest portion of the system in a shortest
period of time
To prevent injury to personnel
To prevent damage to equipment
Enable continuous service in undamaged part of
the network
Protective Relay What should it do ?
Monitor system parameters continuously (V, I,
P, F)
Operate quickly when necessary
(Dependability)
Should not operate wrongly (Stability,
Discrimination)
Essential Qualities Of Protective Relaying
Reliability
Selectivity and Discrimination
Speed and Time
Sensitivity
Stability
Adequateness
Simplicity and Economy
Zones of Protection
Development of Protective Relays
Static Relays
The relays which do not use moving parts and
use the solid state electronic components are
called static relays.
Comparators, level detectors, zero crossing
detectors etc are used for measurement and
comparison of electrical quantities.
Basic Elements of A Static Relay
Advantages of Static Relays Over
Electromagnetic Relays
Reduced burden on CTs & PTs
No moving parts
Fast response
Long life
Less maintenance
Quick reset action and absence of overshoot
Ease of providing amplification enables greater sensitivity
Precise characteristics
Miniaturization
Robustness
Flexibility


Limitations of Static Relays
They are temperature sensitive
They are sensitive to voltage transients
They need an auxiliary power supply
Overload capacity
Reliability
Cost
Summation
It is the combination of a number of electrical
quantities into a single quantity through static
equipment.
Single Input Devices
Two Input Devices
Multi-input Devices
Single Input Devices
Non-critical repeat function (All or nothing
relays)
Critical or measuring function
Fixed time or definite time function
Input dependent time function
Two Input Devices
Comparators
Level Detectors
Comparators:
Amplitude comparator
Phase comparator
Amplitude comparator

Phase comparator
Cosine type
Sine type

Level Detector
Multi-input Devices