Chapter 1:

Fundamental of Electric Circuit

Content
Distinguish the principal elements of electric
circuit: nodes, loops, meshes, branches,
voltage and current source, power and energy.
Apply Kirchhoffs laws to simple electric
circuits and derive the basic circuit equations.
State and Apply Ohms law to electric circuits
1.1. Distinguish the principal elements
of electric circuit: nodes, loops,
meshes, branches, voltage and current
source, power and energy.

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
A simple electric circuit is shown in Fig. 1.1. It consists of three
basic components: a battery, a lamp, and connecting wires.
Such a simple circuit can exist by itself; it has several
applications, such as a torch light, a search light, and so forth.










Branch
A branch is any portion of a circuit with two
terminals connected to it.
Node


Loop
A loop is any closed connection of branches.
Mesh
A mesh is a loop that does not contain other loops.
1.2 Apply Kirchhoffs laws to simple
electric circuits and derive the basic
circuit equations.

















KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT
LAW (KCL)
Choose
Add the current entering the
node (and subtract the one
leaving the node).
5 + i - 2 - (-3) = 0
i = -6 A
Enter
Exit










EXAMPLE
From Ohms Law,

(eq. 1)
i v 2
1
i v 3
2

Applying KVL around the loop gives,

(eq. 2)
0 20
2 1
v v









EXAMPLE (contd)
Substituting (eq. 1) into (eq. 2), we obtain:







Substituting i in (eq. 1) finally gives:

20 5 i
0 3 2 20 i i
A 4 i
V 8
1
v V 12
2
v
Given:




Find: v
0
and i in the circuit shown above.

Solution:

EXAMPLE









EXAMPLE (contd)
We apply KVL around the loop as shown in the figure.
The result is:

(eq. 1)

Applying Ohms Law to the 6- resistor gives:

(eq. 2)

Substituting (eq. 2) into (eq. 1) yields:









0 4 2 4 12
0 0
v v i
i v 6
0

0 12 10 16 i i
A 8 i
V 48
0
v

1.3 State and Apply Ohms law to
electric circuits




Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).

The electric power generated by an active element, or that
dissipated or stored by a passive element, is equal to the
product of the voltage across the element and the current
flowing through it.

P = V.I
ELECTRIC POWER
ELECTRIC POWER
In general:



Energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t
0
to
time t is:



Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).


Power absorbed = - Power supplied


t
t
t
t
dt vi dt p w
0 0
SIGN CONVENTION
Passive sign convention states that:
The power dissipated by a load is a positive quantity
Power dissipated (+)
Power generated (-)

Power dissipated (-)
Power generated (+)
i

i

Steps Required:
Choose an arbitrary direction of current flow
Label polarities of all active elements (voltage
and current sources)
Assign polarities to all passive elements
(resistors and load), for passive elements the
current always flow into the positive terminal
Compute the power dissipated by each
element according to the following rule

Rules:
If positive current flows into positive terminal of
an element, then the power dissipated is positive (
element absorbs power)
If the current leaves the positive terminal of an
element, then the power dissipated is negative
(element delivers power)
Given:








Find: For the circuit of figure shown, determine which
components are absorbing power and which are
delivering power. Is conservation of power
satisfied? Explain your answer.




EXAMPLE
Solution:

Known Quantities: Currents through elements D and E;
voltage across elements B, C, E.



Find: Which components are absorbing power, which
are supplying power; verify the conservation of power.



Analysis:
Step 1: Choose an arbitrary direction of current flow.
- Current flow is in clockwise direction

Step 2: Label polarities for voltage or current sources




EXAMPLE
Solution (cont)
Therefore
- By KCL, the current through element B is 5 A, to the right.
- By KVL: -v
a
3 +10 + 5 = 0

Therefore, the voltage across element A is:

v
a
= 12 V (positive at the top)



EXAMPLE
Step 3: Compute the power dissipated by each element
A supplies (12 V)(5 A) = 60 W
B supplies (3 V)(5 A) = 15 W
C absorbs (5 V)(5 A) = 25 W
D absorbs (10 V)(3 A) = 30 W
E absorbs (10 V)(2 A) = 20 W
Total power supplied = 60 W + 15 W = 75 W
Total power absorbed = 25 W+30W+20W= 75 W

Total power supplied = Total power absorbed, so conservation of
power is satisfied