CE-332 CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

CHP 4 - PROJECT CHRONOLOGY

LECTURER : ASSOC. PROF. DR. AHMET ZTA

UNIVERSITY OF GAZANTEP
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Lecture 4

CHP4-PROJECT
CHRONOLOGY

Introduction
Project initiation
Feasibility analysis
Financing
Design of project
Procurement
Construction
Turnover and startup
Operation of facility
Disposal of facility
Conclusion
2 / 27

Learning Objectives

1.
2.

3.
4.

In this chapter you will learn the following:

The principal tasks in life cycle of a project
What information must be gathered and
investigated to successfully initiate a
project.
The principal phases in project design.
What must be done to move from
construction to operation.
3 / 27

Introduction-1
Life of a facility goes through many phases.
It starts with an idea.
Idea combined with money --- project is born.
Project is developed as drawings and specifications.
Then, it is built.
When completed, turned over to owner, and occupied,
maintained, repaired and eventually dies.
At some point in lifetime a facility is likely to be renovated,
either to renew obsolete systems or change its use.
Figure 4.1 shows a design/build/use/dispose scenario for a
shopping mall.
4 / 27

Introduction-2

Life cycle of a shopping mall:

Feasibility analysis; investigate the economics of
the mall
Design; produce biddable contract documents
Procurement; builder selection, material order
Construction; mall physically constructed
Turnover; transition from construction to
operation
Operation; business is conducted
5 / 27

Sequence of a Project:
Feasibility study.
Concept estimate of cost and
timing

CONCEPT APPRAISAL
option to abandon

Progressive refinement of
cost and timing in relation to
the projects objectives.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
option to abandon

DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION

option to abandon

CONSTRUCTION

COMMISSIONING

Progressive and continuous

control of cost and timing

Who are the main Parties

to a project? . . .

Project initiation-1
All construction activity is the result of basic
economic demand.
Individuals needs homes, roads, stores, shelter, etc.
Specific construction projects arise because
corporations or government bodies recognize the
need --- serve this demand and act to create
them. Construction activity tends to foster
further construction activity.
Recognizing needs is first step, but there must be a
way to move from recognition to reality. Answer
lies in economic structure of the country.
7 / 27

Project initiation-2

Demographic and market analysis are used to

forecast future growth areas in the country.
Opportunities, once identified, are financed and
then projects initiated.
As businesses increase, population grow to work
in them. Because these people must travel to
work, roads and other transportation modes
become necessary.
8 / 27

Feasibility analysis-1
Before deciding to invest in a specific area, an investor wants
to be sure on an adequate return. Therefore before any
commitment, an analysis is performed to examine the
proposed investment from several standpoints.
These are shown on figure;
a)
Market demand,
b)
Cost of construction,
c)
Cost of money,
d)
Timing of project,

9 / 27

Feasibility analysis-2
Project initiation

Cost of money

Revise program
or
cancel project

Schedule

Budget

Market
demand

Proceed?

Design

10 / 27

Feasibility analysis-3
During the early analysis stage, owner consults

Architects who provide early design advice, and

Construction professionals, who offer cost and
constructability advice.

Example:

11 / 27

Financing
If project gets past the first hurdle of profitability for the
investor, owner must arrange financial backing for some
of the work. Some of it provide himself.
Commonly, initial investor acquires outside funds to
supplement his or her own.

Barrow from banks

Barrow from insurance company

Invite outside investors to share in future profits.

Example: A corporation wishing to build a factory could
barrow from a bank or sell additional stocks or bonds.
Whatever the source of additional funds, other individuals or
firms decide to lend or invest funds based on their own
expectation of return on investment.
12 / 27

Design of project
If owner decide to proceed, hires a design
professional. If he elects to proceed using a
construction management mode, he chooses a
construction professional, Who provides cost,
schedule, and construction advice throughout
the design process.
Design is divided into 4 stages.

Programming,

Schematic design,

Design development,

Construction documents.

13 / 27

Programming-1
A program is a written statement of the requirements
of the building. It is the basis of design.
Program describes

Spaces needed,

Services required in those spaces, and

Relationships of functions to be performed in the

building.
Written by owner or user of building,
by architect, or
by a professional hired.
14 / 27

Programming-2
The nature of the programming process depends
on two things:
The sophistication of the owner; Owners vary
considerably in their degree of understanding
about building process and it affects program.
The complexity of the proposed facility;The
complexity of the project itself can determine
how the programming needs to be accomplished.
Using these information owner proceed or cancel
15 / 27

Programming-3
When programming is complete, the owner has
information about:

The needed size of the project in relation to the

requirements of the users
The mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems
Vertical and horizontal circulation
Public areas

16 / 27

Schematic design-1
Once the program is complete and the owner
has decided to proceed, the designer begins
actual design of the project.
The process begins with the schematic designthe stage in which the designer defines the
buildings characteristics in a number of ways.
Before schematic design begins;
The owner selects a site for the building
Site investigations done by the owner give
the designer information about soil conditions
and makeup that in large part determine the
type of foundation and structure possible for
17 / 27
the particular site

Schematic design-2
The architect develops preliminary floor plans that
reflect the relationships of the various functional
areas to one other
Sitting and location of the building are determined as
well as its visual form.
When the schematic design is complete, the owner is
again faced with the decision to proceed further or to
cancel the project. At this time, all information
developed to date-market information, financing
costs, construction costs and design-are factored into
the decision.

18 / 27

Design development
When project team enters design development, it
pursues a single design concept.
The purpose of this stage is to refine the design and
obtain detailed information from the users about
their requirements.
During this phase owner, designer and construction
professional finalize the design of major building
systems.
For example structural, plumbing, elevator,
roofing, mechanical, exterior faade, electrical.
19 / 27

Construction
documents
Architect creates final working construction
documents used to bid the job for
construction and to build the job in the field.
Documents including specifications and
drawings, Should meet

program criteria, programming

Reflect the design .. schematic design, and
Refine all detailed work, design
development
20 / 27

Procurement
Procurement: overall process of finding and purchasing the
materials called for in the contract and hiring the best
subcontractors to build the project. Construction
documents must be accurate and must clearly
communicate to the bidders.
First task --- hire many subcontractors
In traditional system owner (with help of architect)
requests bids from a list of qualified contractors.
In CM system project documents are divided into bid
packages. owner (with help of architect and CM)
evaluate requested bids.
Sometimes owner purchase equipment or materials before a
contractor hired. Such material is known long-lead items.
21 / 27

Construction
Once procurement process completed, construction can begin
Main element: task of managing and coordinating the field
operations. This means;

Scheduling crews in proper sequence,

Choosing most efficient and safe construction techniques

and methods

Directing the production process.

To accomplish this task, construction professional

must order correct material,

ensure adequate supply of necessary tools & equipment,

monitor schedule, cost, and quality.

A parallel task is contract administration.
22 / 27

Turnover and start-up

After construction completed, project must be turned over to
owner for use during the rest of its economic life.
Turn over involves complicated technical issues and problems
For example: testing of piping
Turnover is also a legal process, involves various legal certification,
such as certification of occupancy, and certificate of
substantial completion. The process is long and tedious.
Document includes

insurance certificates,

inspection reports,

completed change orders.

23 / 27

Operation of facility
This phase is the responsibility of owner or tenant of building.
In this, building is put to the use for which it was intended.
The period can last for many years before a major renovation
is necessary.
This phase is also the period of greatest expenditure on the
project total operating cost are higher.

More money will be invested up front, but the payback can

be realized in the operating costs of the facility
Facility owners and managers usually need advice about
the best model to use in making decisions during the
planning stages of the project
24 / 27

Disposal of facility
At the end of its useful life, a project or a facility
may meet any one of a number of fates.
It may be closed down or simply abandoned.
It may be disassembled or removed.

It may also be renovated or overhauled

25 / 27

CONCLUSION

People are involved in the life cycle of a

building.
Who analyze the need for the facility and decide
Project enters the design/build phase
Architects are hired to design
Construction professionals are hired to carry out
the actual assembly
All parties need to work in harmony
26 / 27

Next Chapter
Chapter 5
Construction Services during design