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Periodic Trends

Atomic size
(i) Down the Group

Atomic size increase from top to down


Reason : because the number of inner shells down the
group increases

Atomic size
(ii) Across the period
Atomic size decreases from left to right
Reason : steady increase in the effective nuclear charge
cause the valence electron to be held more strongly by
nucleus

Explanation
Elements in same period have the same principal
quantum number, n.
However the nuclear charge increases as the
number of protons increases.
Effective nuclear charge the strength of
attraction between the outer most electrons and
the nuclear charge .
Element
Na
Si
Cl

Electron
configuration
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s23p2
1s22s2sp63s23p5

Period
3
3
3

Na

1s22s22p63s1
Zeff = 11-10

Mg

1s22s22p63s2
Zeff = 12 10

=1

=2

Al

1s22s22p63s23p1
Zeff = 13 10
=3

Si

1s22s22p63s23p2
zeff = 14 - 10
=4

Effective nuclear charge Increases with the number


of inner electron remains the same

Effective nuclear charge


does not change.

Decreases the
atomic size

The shielding Effect in Many- Electron Atoms


-the inner electrons shield the outer electrons from the
attractive force of nucleus.
-Conclusion : Shielding reduces the electrostatic attraction
between the positive charged protons in nucleus and the
outer electrons.
No changes
because the no. of
inner group shell
remains.

Increases because
has more inner
shells than the
preceding group

Atomic size contributes toward the trends in


1. Ionization energy
2. Electron affinity
3. electro negativity

Ionisation Energy (for cation)


-Minimum energy to remove 1 mol electron from the 1 mol
ground state atom/ion in gaseous state.
-The greater the ionisation energy, that hard to remove electron
from an atom.
- 1st ionisation energy minimum energy required to remove an
electron from the ground state atom in gaseous state.

M(g) - 1e

M+ (g) H = First ionisation energy

-Second ionisation energy is the energy required to remove the


second electron from the gaseous positive ion in its ground state.
M+ (g) 1e

M 2+ (g)

H = First ionisation energy

The first Ionisation energy increases from left to right

Reason: atomic radii decrease, the outer electron are more tightly
held to the nucleus, more energy need to supply to remove first
electron.

Decrease moving down the group


Reason : distance from nucleus decrease, weaker attraction from
nucleus easy to remove the electron, thus the metallic character
increase from top to down.

Electron affinity
Ability to accept 1 or more electrons.
Definition : energy change that occurs when an
electron is accepted by an atom in its gaseous state.
More negative the electron affinity the greater the
tendency of the atom to accept an electron.

Example : O (g) + e O-(g)


O- (g) + eO2- (g)

H = -142 kJ
H = +745 kJ

More energy hard to accept electron cause the net


charge (-1) repelled, so more energy need to force
the electron.

Electron affinity more negative


Atomic radii smaller attractive force of nucleus increase
tendency to accept electron increase

Electron affinity less negative,


atomic radii increase nucleus
attraction force weaker less
tendency to accept electron

-Ionisation energy and electron affinity only apply


to isolated gaseous not directly atoms in
molecules.
Noble gases
-Monoatomic species
-Very unattractive
-No tendency to join with others
-Completely filled outer shell
-The highest ionisation energy, no tendency to
accept extra electron.

Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract bonding electron
to itself when it is in a molecule.
related to electron affinity with different
concepts. Both refer to tendency to attract
electron.
Electron affinity refer to an isolated atoms
attraction for an additional electron.
Experimentally measured.

Electronegativity the attraction of an atom in


a chemical bond (with other atom) for the shared
electrons. Relative number, which is not
measured.

Electronegativity increase
Reason: Atomic radii decrease, the pulling effect
from nuclear charge (positive) on electron
(negative) is bigger

Electronegativity decrease
Reason : atomic number increase atomic radii increase
forces of nucleus decrease attractive

less electronegativity high metallic character


High electronegativity less metallic character
Electronegativity difference and bond type
(i) Wide different ionic bond
Less electronegativity gives up its electrons
High electronegativity accept electrons

(ii) Small difference


-Polar covalent bonds (small shift in electron density takes place)
-Same electronegativity
-Pure covalent bond or non polar bond
Electronegativity > 2 normally ionic bond (but not all)

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