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PM3125

Lectures: 1 to 3

Lecture Content of Lectures 1 to 6:


Heat transfer: source of heat, heat transfer, steam
and electricity as heating media, determination of
requirement of amount of steam/electrical energy,
steam pressure and mathematical problems on
heat transfer

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


What is Heat?

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


What is Heat?

Heat is energy in transit.

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Units of Heat
• The SI unit is the joule (J), or Newton-metre (Nm).

• Historically, heat was measured in terms of the ability


to raise the temperature of water.

• The kilocalorie (kcal): amount of heat needed to raise


the temperature of 1 kilogramme of water by 1 C0 (from
14.50C to 15.50C)

• The calorie (cal): amount of heat needed to raise the


temperature of 1 gramme of water by 1 C0 (from 14.50C
to 15.50C)
R. Shanthini 16 July 2009
Units of Heat
• In industry, the British thermal unit (Btu) is still used:
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb
of water by 1 F0 (from 630F to 640F)

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Conversion between different
units of heat:

1 cal = 10-3 kcal = 3.969 x 10-3 Btu = 4.186 J

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Sensible Heat
• What is 'sensible heat‘?

Sensible heat is associated


with a temperature change

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Specific Heat Capacity
• To raise the temperature by 1 K, different
substances need different amount of energy
• Because substances have different molecular
configurations and bonding
• The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K is
known as the specific heat capacity
• Specific heat capacity is denoted by c

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Calculation of Sensible Heat

Q = m c ΔT
Q is the heat lost or gained by a substance
m is the mass of substance
ΔT is the temperature change of substance
c is the specific heat of substance

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Calculation of Sensible Heat
Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 300 g Al from 25oC to 70oC.
Data: c = 0.896 J/g oC for Al

Q = m c ΔT
= (300 g) (0.896 J/g oC)(70 - 25)oC
= 12,096 J
= 13.1 kJ

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Exchange of Heat
Calculate the final temperature (tf), when 100 g iron at 80oC
is tossed into 53.5g of water at 25oC.
Data: c = 0.452 J/g oC for iron and 4.186 J/g oC for water
Heat lost by iron = Heat gained by water
(m c ΔT)iron = (m c ΔT)water
(100 g) (0.452 J/g oC)(80 - tf)oC
= (53.5 g) (4.186 J/g oC)(tf - 25)oC
80 - tf = 4.955 (tf -25)
R. Shanthini tf16=July34.2
2009 oC
Latent Heat
• What is ‘latent heat‘?

Latent heat is associated with


phase change of matter

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Phases of Matter

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Phase Change
• Heat required for phase changes:
» Vaporization: liquid  vapour
» Melting: liquid  solid
» Sublimation: solid  vapour
• Heat released by phase changes:
» Condensation: vapour  liquid
» Fusion: liquid  solid
» Deposition: vapour  solid

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Phase Diagram: Water
Explain why water is at liquid
state at atm pressure

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Phase Diagram: Carbon Dioxide
Explain why CO2 is at gas state
at atm pressure

Explain why CO2


cannot be made a
liquid at atm
pressure

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Latent Heat
Latent heat is the amount of heat added per unit mass of
substance during a phase change

Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat added to melt


a unit mass of ice OR it is the amount of heat removed
to freeze a unit mass of water.

Latent heat of vapourization is the amount of heat added


to vaporize a unit mass of water OR it is the amount of
heat removed to condense a unit mass of steam.

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Water:
Specific Heat Capacities and Latent Heats

Specific heat of ice ≈ 2.06 J/g K


Heat of fusion for ice/water ≈ 334 J/g
Specific heat of water ≈ 4.18 J/g K
Latent heat of vaporization depends on the pressure
and could be found from the Steam Table
Sensible heat required by superheated steam could
also be found from the Steam Table

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Properties of Steam
Learnt to refer to Steam Table to find properties of
steam such as saturated (or boiling point) temperature
and latent heat of vapourization at give pressures, and
enthalpies of superheated steam at various pressures and
temperatures.

Reference:
Chapter 6 of “Thermodynamics for Beginners with
worked examples” by R. Shanthini
(published by Science Education Unit, Faculty of Science,
University of Peradeniya)

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Warming curve for water
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?
Heat required to raise the temperature of ice from -20oCto 0oC
= (2 kg) (2.06 kJ/kg oC) [0 - (-20)]oC = 82.4 kJ

Heat required to turn ice into water at 0oC


= (2 kg) (334 kJ/kg) = 668 kJ

Heat required to raise the temperature of water from 0oC to 120.2oC


= (2 kg) (4.18 kJ/kg oC) [120.2 - 0)]oC = 1004.9 kJ
[water boils at 120.2oC at 2 bar not at 100oC
as could be referred to from the Steam Table]

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Warming curve for water (contd)
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?

Heat required to turn water into steam at 120.2oC and at 2 bar


= (2 kg) (2202 kJ/kg) = 4404 kJ
[Latent heat of vapourization at 2 bar is 2202 kJ/kg
as could be referred to from the Steam Table]

Heat required to raise the temperature of steam from 120.2oC to 150oC


= (2 kg) (2770 – 2707) kJ/kg = 126 kJ
[the enthalpy at 120.2oC and 2 bar is the saturated
steam enthalpy is 2707 kJ/kg and the enthalpy at
150oC and at 2 bar is 2770 kJ/kg as could be
R. Shanthini referred to16 from
July 2009the Steam Table]
Warming curve for water (contd)
What is the amount of heat required to change 2 kg of ice
at -20oC to steam at 150oC at 2 bar pressure?

Total amount of heat required 4404 kJ

= 82.4 kJ + 668 kJ + 1004.9 kJ + 4404 kJ + 126 kJ

= 6285.3 kJ

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Heat Exchanger
It is an industrial equipment in which heat from a hot fluid is
transferred to a cold fluid to heat it by not bringing them into
direct contact with each other.

Cold fluid Cold fluid


at TC,out at TCC,in

Hot fluid
at TH,in Heat lost by the hot fluid Hot fluid
= Heat gained by the cold fluid at TH,out
R. Shanthini 16 July 2009
Heat Exchanger
Heat lost by the hot fluid = Heat gained by the cold fluid
.m hot chot (TH,in – TH,out
.
)=m cold ccold (TC,out – TC,in )

mass flow rate mass flow rate


of hot fluid of hot fluid

Specific heat Specific heat


of hot fluid of hot fluid

Temperature Temperature
decrease in the increase in the
R. Shanthini
hot16fluid
July 2009 cold fluid
Heat Exchanger
Heat lost by the hot fluid = Heat gained by the cold fluid
.m hot chot (TH,in – TH,out
.
)=m cold ccold (TC,out – TC,in )

The above is true only when the heat exchanger


is well insulated so as to not loose heat to the
environment, and when there are no phase
changes.

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Heat Exchanger
If the heat exchanger is NOT well insulated and
when there are no phase changes, then

Heat lost by the hot fluid = Heat gained by the cold fluid
+ Heat lost to the environment

.m hot chot (TH,in – TH,out


.
)=m cold ccold (TC,out – TC,in )

+ Heat lost to the environment


R. Shanthini 16 July 2009
Heat Exchanger
If the heat exchanger is NOT well insulated and
when there are phase changes, then

Heat lost by the hot fluid = Heat gained by the cold fluid
+ Heat lost to the environment

.m
hot (hH,in – hH,out
.
)=m cold (hC,out – hC,in )

+ Heat lost to the environment

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Example in Heat Exchanger
High pressure liquid water at 10 MPa (100 bar) and
30oC enters a series of heating tubes. Superheated
steam at 1.5 MPa (15 bar) and 200oC is sprayed over
the tubes and allowed to condense. The condensed
steam turns into saturated water which leaves the
heat exchanger. The high pressure water is to be
heated up to 198.3oC. What is the mass of steam
required per unit mass of incoming liquid water?
The heat is assumed to be well insulated (adiabatic).

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Example in Heat Exchanger
Solution:
High pressure (100 bar) water enters at 30oC and leaves at 198.3oC.
At 100 bar, water boils at 311.0oC. Therefore, no phase changes in
the high pressure water that is getting heated up n the heater.
Heat gained by high pressure water
= ccold (TC,out – TC,in )
= (4.18 kJ/kg oC) x (198.3-30)oC
= 703.5 kJ/kg
[You could calculate the above by taking the difference in
enthalpies at the 2 given states from tables available, and the
answer is (858.54 – 134.86) = 723.7 kJ/kg, which is the accurate
method. ]
R. Shanthini 16 July 2009
Example in Heat Exchanger
Solution continued:
Superheated steam at 1.5 MPa (15 bar) and 200oC is sprayed over
the tubes and allowed to condense. The condensed steam turns into
saturated water which leaves the heat exchanger.
Heat lost by steam
= heat lost by superheated steam to become saturated
steam
+ latent heat of steam lost for saturated steam to turn into
saturated water
= Enthalpy at 15 bar and 200oC
– Enthalpy of saturated steam at 15 bar
+ Latent heat of vapourization at 15 bar
= (2796 kJ/kg –162792
R. Shanthini kJ/kg) + 1947 kJ/kg = 1951 kJ/kg
July 2009
Example in Heat Exchanger
Solution continued:

Since there is no heat loss from the heater,


Heat lost by steam = Heat gained by high pressure water
Mass flow of steam x 1951 kJ/kg
= mass flow of water x 703.5 kJ/kg
Mass flow of steam / mass flow of water
= 703.5 / 1951
= 0.36

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Assignment 1

Give the design of a heat


exchanger which has the most
effective heat transfer properties.

R. Shanthini 16 July 2009


Assignment 2
Steam enters a heat exchanger at 10 bar and 200oC and
leaves it as saturated water at the same pressure. Feed-
water enters the heat exchanger at 25 bar and 80oC and
leaves at the same pressure and at a temperature 20oC
less than the exit temperature of the steam. Determine
the ratio of the mass flow rate of the steam to that of
the feed-water, neglecting heat losses from the heat
exchanger.
If the feed-water leaving the heat exchanger is fed
directly to a boiler to be converted to steam at 25 bar
and 300oC, find the heat required by the boiler per kg
of feed-water.
R. Shanthini 16 July 2009

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