General Arrangement & Layout of Substation Switchyard

Jagannathan
 Main components of Sub Station

1) Bus Bars and supports

2) Circuit Breakers

3) Isolators

4) Current transformers & CVTs

5) Lightning arresters

6) Transformers / Reactors

7) Protective relays
Sub station has many component
( C.B., switches , fuses , instrument etc). which must be
housed properly to ensure continues reliable service

Isolator
C.B SF6
C.T
P.T
Equipments
Transformer & Reactors
Vital
Costliest
3 phase or 1 Phase ( based on transportation logistics)
315MVA Autotransformers are generally used.
( Three windings)
( HV/IV/LV-LV for tertiary loading)
Protection and Control Equipments

Control Panels

Protection Panels
Line/Autoreclosure
Transformer/Reactor
Busbar/LBB
 Transmission bus
Circuit Breakers
Mechanical on-load switches
For making, carrying and breaking currents
under normal condition
For breaking under abnormal conditions
Arc extinguishing medium – Air blast, Gas
Drive mechanism – Pneumatic/hydraulic/spring
Oil Circuit Breaker
Air Circuit Breaker
 Vacuum Circuit breaker (inside)
Air Break Circuit breaker
 Air Circuit Breaker
SF6 Circuit Breaker
Instrument Transformers

 To get the replica of characteristics of current and voltage

 Current Transformer for current
 CVT/PT for voltage
 Useful for transferring the parameters to measuring
instruments, meters, relays

PT

CT
 These current transformers have the primary
winding connected in series with the
conductor carrying the current to be
measured or controlled. The secondary
winding is thus insulated from the high
voltage and can then be connected to low-
voltage metering circuits.
400 kv current transformer
 Potential transformers are required to provide
accurate voltages for meters used for billing
industrial customers or utility companies
Potential Transformer
Lightning Arrestor

Protection from lightning

Protection from switching surges

Lightning Arrester
 Hardware

 Bus post insulators

 String insulators
 Disc insulators
 Terminal connectors
 Conductors
 Miscellaneous
Control room building
 Control room
 Relay room
 PLCC/SCADA room
 Battery room
 DCBD & Battery charger room
 MCC room
 Engineer’s room
 Shift – in – charge room
 Store room
 Library
 Conference room
 Toilets
 A/C plant room / AHU room
 Pantry room
 Test lab
The substation control house contains switchboard
panels, batteries, battery chargers, supervisory
control, power-line carrier, meters, and relays. The
control house provides all weather protection and
security for the control equipment. It is also called a
doghouse
 Supervisory control

Control room
Relay room
PLCC/SCADA room
 A rectifier is a device used to convert alternating current to direct current.
 A relay is a low-powered device used to
activate a high-powered device. Relays are
used to trigger circuit breakers and other
switches in substations and transmission and
distribution systems.
Wave traps/Line Traps

Provide low impedance path for power frequency

Provide high impedance path for high frequency ( 30-500Hz)
 Coupling capacitors
 To transmit communication signals to
transmission lines,
 To measure the voltage in transmission
lines.
 In signal transmission the coupling
capacitor is part of a power line carrier
circuit .
 A coupling capacitor is used in this
circuit in conjunction with a line trap.
Voltage regulating equipments
Shunt capacitors
Series capacitors
Shunt reactors( Static/Dynamic)
Shunt reactors are used in an extra high-voltage
substation to neutralize inductive reactance in long
EHV transmission lines. The photo shows an
installation of both an older version and a newer
version of the reactor.
Capacitive Bank - are used to control the level
of the voltage supplied to the customer by
reducing or eliminating the voltage drop in the
system caused by inductive reactive loads.
Bus supports-
are porcelain or fiberglass insulators that serve to isolate the bus
bar switches and other support structures and to prevent leakage
current from flowing through the structure or to ground
 IR value of Insulators

0 – 50 M.Ohms - ‘A’ Grade

51 –500 M.Ohms - ‘ B’
Grade

501–1000 M.Ohms - ‘ C’ Grade

1000 – 2000M Ohms - ‘ D’ Grade

2000 & above - ‘ E’ Grade

 A type of insulator with a bell or pot-like shape used to connect
underground electrical cables to overhead lines.
 It serves to separate the bunched-up conductors from one another in
the cable to the much wider separation in the overhead line.
 It also seals the cable end from the weather. Potheads are mounted on
a distribution pole and the assembly is called a riser pole.
Isolators
- Provide visible air gap isolation of equipment
and feeder sections
 For safe examination, maintenance and repair
 For carrying normal current
 Short circuit (SC) current for specified time

Air Break Isolator

Isolators
Earth switch of isolator

• Mechanical device for earthling circuit

paths
• Capable of withstanding SC currents for
specified time
• Not required to carry currents under
normal conditions
Isolators
 Circuit Switches :-
 provide equipment
protection for
transformers, lines,
cables, and capacitor
banks.
 They also are used to
energize and deenergize
capacitor banks and other
circuits

Fused cut out

 Disconnect switches or circuit breakers are used
to isolate equipment or to redirect current in a
substation. Many different types of disconnect
switches are shown below.

Fused load break Non load break Fused

Circuit switches Outdoor mc switchgear