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Module 8

population perspective
By: Andy Wang
Cara Yan
Lesson1
population and sustainable development
• Meaning of population:
Population, as defined, refers to the number of
people living in a given area.
Hawley defines population as an aggregate of
individuals who have access to environment as a
means of sustenance and who are in the state of
interdependence.
To sociologists, population is the number of
persons occupying a certain geographical area,
drawing sustenance from their environment, and
interacting with one another.
Components of population
• A : Population growth
Growth rate describe the rate of which population is
increasing or decreasing; i.e., the surplus or deficit
of births over deaths and net migration.
• B: Population structure
The age-sex structure of a population
describes its composition according to the
number of males and females in given age
groupings. This structure is often
represented by a barchart called population
pyramid.
• Population pyramid
The population pyramid is special type of barchart
shows the age and sex distribution of the
population.
• Three general types of pyramid:
1. Expansive
2. Constructive
3. Stationary
• Population pyramid is also used to determine
dependency ratio:
• C: Spatial distribution
Population density or the number of population per
square meter land area providers a means of
spatial distribution of population.
1. Fertility. The first determinant of population
change is fertility or births.
Two measures are used to measure fertility: the
crude birth rate (CBR) and total fertility rate
(TFR).
2.Mortality: The second determinant of population change is
mortality or deaths. Every time a person die, whether
young or old, the population decreases by one.
Mortality is the technical term for death. It is a component of
population change and has a negative effect on
population.
The simplest measure of mortality is the crude death rate
(CDR) which is the number of death per 1,000
population in a given year.
There are other measures of mortality. One such measure is
infant mortality rate (IMR):
3. Migration. The migration in the country is
basically rural to urban movement, this
movement is largely characterized by long
distance moves; involving females, the
unmarried, the young and the relatively low
educated. And it is not universal.
Migration within the provinces or a state is called
internal migration. The terms in-migration and
out-migration are generally used instead of
immigration and emigration.
• The reasons for migration include:
1. Employment
2. Pursuit of higher education
3. Expectation of better housing, amenities
and social services
4. Natural calamities; e.g., the Mt. Pinatubo
case
5. Population pressure on agricultural lands
Consequences of rapid population
• Economic development. Economic development
does not refer to the total development of a
society. It is only industrialization of national
economic even in an agri-based society.
• Education . Education is vitally important and so
educational opportunities must be expanded.
• Employment. Rising unemployment is a problem
facing both developed and developing countries,
but it is more severe in developing countries.
• Health and other social services. As population
grows, the maintenance of existing health and
social services becomes increasingly difficult-
adding to them is nearly difficult. The rapid
increase in population has generated a heavy
demand for all types of health and a host of others.
• Ecosystem. Ecosystem are life support systems.
They are capable of renewing themselves even in
the fact of major man-made disturbances, but only
up to a certain point.
Lesson 2
Population, resources, environment and
sustainable development
1.Carrying capacity. Carrying capacity can be defined as
the number of pope that the earth can support without
irreversibly reducing capacity to support population in
the future.
2.Population and the environment. Given rapid population
growth, there is a fierce competition for resources, land
and water. This leads to the alarming depletion of
natural resources.
3. Population and natural resources. A country’s
population depends on its natural resources for its needs
Environmental problems having physical, social and
economic consequences may be grouped under
three categories:
1. Resources deterioration- these are problems
arising from shortage of food, mineral, power
and other resources.
2. Environmental pollution- these are pollution of
air, water and land causing bispheric destruction
including human health and quality of life; and
3. Radioactivity from nuclear weapons and nuclear
energy production.
4.Land resource. Only about 11 percent of the earth’s total
land surface is arable or can be regularly plowed for
seeding and growing crops. Yet from this land, the
farming community must produce enough food to feed
the growing population. Although, there is still
uncultivated land with potential for agriculture, the
process of developing and preparing the land for
cultivation may be costly.
In spite of these trends, agricultural land remains one of the
largest single contributor to the national economy.
• 5. Forest resources. A serious cause of forest
denudation is subsistence cultivation and
excessive fuel harvesting as distinguished from
commercial logging. Problems begin when the
number of people are more than what is available
forest resources can support.
• 6. Marine resources. Increasing population
pressure spells on impending thinning out of the
coastal resources.
• 7. Water resources. More than one-half of the world’s
population have no access to sage drinking water. In
consequences, waterborne diseases are prevalent and are a
major factor contributing to mortality and morbidity rate,
more especially among young children. In many
developing countries, including the Philippines, water for
both household and for agriculture is in short supply.
• 8. Mineral resources. Metals, non-metals and energy
resources abound the country’s mountains, coasts, plants,
and even offshore areas. And because they are non-
renewable, they are limited.
• 9. Energy resources. The total energy consumption
is growing. Up to the year 32000, transportation,
power and manufacturing are likely to take up 80
percent of the total petroleum consumption. Of
this total share, public and private transport alone
is expected to account for 38 percent. With
increases population, there will be a corresponding
increase in the number of land transport vehicles.
Relationship between demographic
and environmental variables
• Demographic factors determine the nature and
intensity of socioeconomic activities in a rural
environment. These socio-economic activities
directly affect the environment and the natural
resources influences socio-economic activities.
• Population dimension determine the level of
demand for goods, in this case, mainly derived
from the environmental resources.
Lesson 3
Integrated policies and sustainable
development
• Population and rural poverty.
There are many countries develop the technologies
of produce food. However, owing to the rapid
growth in rural population, the pressure on land
has also considerably increased.
One of the major problems faced by the rural
population is the depletion of energy resources
particularly fuel-wood.
• Integrated policies for sustainable development.
To solve the problems arising from the
population and environment interactions,
sectoral isolationism should be replaced by
integrated approaches.
• Resources for an integrated approach.
Funds 、 skilled needs 、 educational 、 religious
and cultural 、 institutions
The interrelationship between and among population,
resources, environment and sustainable development.

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