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Doppler Effect:
The radar transmitter may be operated continuously rather than
pulsed if the stray transmitted signal can be separated from the
weak echo signal
A feasible technique for separating the received signal from the transmitted
signal, when there is a relative motion between radar and target, is based on
recognizing the change in the echo signal frequency
If R is the distance from the radar to the target, the total number
of wavelength contained in the two-way path is 2R/
= 4R/ radian
If is continuously changing with time, then we define the
Doppler frequency shift as fd
If the target is in motion, R and the phase are continually
changing. A change in , with respect to time is equal to a
frequency. This is the Doppler angular frequency d, given by
CW Radar:
The Transmitter generates a continuous (unmodulated) oscillation
of frequency f0 which is radiated by the antenna
If the target is in motion with a velocity vr relative to the radar
The received signal will be shifted in frequency from the transmitted
frequency by an amount fd
The +ve sign applies if the distance between target and radar is decreasing (approaching
target)
i.e., then the received signal frequency is greater than the transmitted one
CW Radar
The more directive the antenna beam and the greater the spacing between
antenna
Greater will be the isolation
figure
Receiver Bandwidth:
One of the requirement of doppler frequency amplifier or the IF
amplifier is that it would be wide enough to pass the expected
range of doppler frequency
Generally, the expected range will be much wider than the frequency
spectrum occupied by signal energy
This use of wideband amplifier will result in an increase in noise and a lowering of the
Receiver sensitivity
Application of CW Radar:
Measurement of relative velocity of moving target
Control of traffic light, vehicle counting & collision avoidance
FM-CW Radar:
Some sort of timing mark must be applied to a CW carrier if
range is to be measured
This mark permits the time of transmission and the time of return to be
recognized
The sharper or more distinct the marks
The more accurate the measurement of transit time
fr = f0T = (2R/c)f0
thus,
fb(up)
= fr - fd
fb(down) = fr + fd
When more than one target are present, the mixer output will
contain more than one difference frequency
If the system is linear, there will be a frequency component corresponding
to each target
The range to each target may be determined by measuring the individual
frequency component and applying the above formulas to each.
FM-CW Altimeter:
FM-CW radar principle is used in the aircraft radio altimeter to
measure height above the surface of earth
Measurement Errors:
The absolute accuracy of radar altimeter is usually of more
importance at low altitude than at high
The discreteness of the frequency measuring devices give rise to
an error called the fixed error or step error
Also called the quantization error
Mathematical expressions
Thus the range can be given as c/2(f)
The echo signal is shifted in frequency by the doppler effect. The form of the
doppler-shifted signals at each of the two frequencies f1 and f2 may be written
i.e., f2 = f1 + f, where f f1
the doppler frequency shifts fd1 and fd2 are approximately equal to one another.
Therefore we may write fd1 = fd2 = fd.
The receiver separates the two components of the echo signal and
heterodynes each received signal component with the corresponding
transmitted waveform and extracts the two doppler-frequency components
given below:
Henc
which is the same as that of earlier Eqn. with f substituted in place of f0.