Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is an ATOM?
o All matter is made from atoms
oThe configuration of the atom :
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
oThe Atom is the basic building
block of everything around us
Subatomic particle
The atoms Protons and Neutrons are in the
Nucleus
Protons and neutrons have almost exactly the same
mass.
Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons.
Neutrons are large and heavy like protons; however
neutrons have no electrical charge.
Electrons are tiny, very light particles that have a negative electrical
charge (-)
Electrons have a mass that is about 1/1835 the mass of a proton.
Charge (C)
Relative
charge
proton
+1
neutron
1.675 x 10-27 0
electron
-1
Example
A Hydrogen Atom
Stable configuration
Stable elements have equal numbers of
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
a.m.u
For hydrogen the atomic mass is 1.00797. When we hear
the term atomic mass we think of the mass of an atom.
For example the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.6726 x 1024 grams. The two numbers are different!
a.m.u is a relative mass to a particular carbon atom.
The carbon atom selected is the carbon atom with 6
protons, 6 electrons and 6 neutrons.
1 a.m.u = 1/12 of atomic mass isotope carbon 12
1 amu = 1.6598 x 10-27kg
1 mole of substance= 6.023x10-23 atoms/molecules
1 a.m.u/atom or molecule = 1 g/mol
E.g platinium -= 195.08 amu/atom or 195.08 g/mol
Hydrogen
Atomic Mass = 1
Atomic Number = 1
Isotopes of carbon,
12
6
Deuterium
Atomic Mass = 2
Atomic Number = 1
13
C , 6 C,
14
6
Shell
Designation
Subshells
Number of
states
Number of electron
Per subshell
Per shell
10
10
14
18
32
Secondary Bonding
Van der Waals
Hydrogen Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Electron are transferred to form a bond
Often found in compounds composed of
electropositive elements (metals) and
electronegative elements (non metals)
Na valance
+1
Cl valance -1
Covalent Bonding
Electrons are shared to form a bond
Metallic Bonding
Founds in metals
and their alloys
Secondary Bonding
Van der Waals Bonding
Weak secondary bond (< 10 Kcal/mol)
Often bonding force between molecules
Example- PVC can be deformed by breaking
Van der Waals bonds between molecules
Hydrogen Bonding
Special type of secondary bond between
some molecules containing H
Example bonds between molecules of
water
molecules
molecule is considered the smallest particle of
a pure chemical substance that still retains its
composition and chemical properties.
Most common molecules are bound together
by strong covalent bonds
i.e F2, O2, H2 (diatomic molecules) or H2O, CO2
(host of compounds)
The smallest molecule is the hydrogen
molecule