Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology

Subject Code : 150702

Name Of Subject : COMPUTER NETWORK
Name of Unit : INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS

Topic : OSI MODEL , TCP/IP MODEL AND COMPARISON

OF OSI & TCP/IP MODEL

Name of Student :Agrawal Swapnil J.

CONTENTS
OSI MODEL

THE OSI MODEL

DIFFERENT LAYERS OF OSI REFERENCE MODEL
EXCHANGE OG INFORMATION IN OSI MODEL
OSI FEATURES

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

CONTENTS
TCP/IP MODEL

INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP
LAYERS IN TCP/IP
TCP/IP STACK
TCP/IP ENCAPSULATION
TCP/IP PROTOCOL

COMPARISON OF OSI & TCP/IP MODEL

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

THE OSI MODEL

Established
in
1947,
the
International
Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational
body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
Almost three-fourths of countries in the world are
represented in the ISO. An ISO standard that covers
all aspects of network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

The OSI model

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

OSI Layers
OSI Model
Data unit

Host
layers

Media
layers

Layer

Function

7. Application

Network process to
application

6. Presentation

Data representation,
encryption and decryption

5. Session

Innermost communication

Segments

4. Transport

End-to-end connections and

reliability, Flow control

Packet

3. Network

Path determination and

logical addressing

Frame

2. Data Link

Physical addressing

Bit

1. Physical

Media, signal and binary

transmission

Data

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

OSI Layers

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer1: Physical Layer

The Physical Layer defines the electrical and
physical specifications for devices. In particular,
it defines the relationship between a device
and a physical medium.
This includes the layout of pin, voltages, cable
specification, hubs, repeaters, network
adapters, host bus adapters, and more.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

The Data Link Layer provides the functional
and procedural means to transfer data
between network entities and to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the
Physical Layer.
Originally, this layer was intended for point-topoint and point-to-multipoint media,
characteristic of wide area media in the
telephone system.
The data link layer is divided into two sublayers by IEEE.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer 3: Network Layer

The Network Layer performs
network routing functions,
perform fragmentation and reassembly,
report delivery errors.
Routers operate at this layersending data
throughout the extended network and making
the Internet possible.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer 3: Network Layer

The Network Layer provides the functional and
procedural means of transferring variable
length data sequences from a source to a
destination via one or more networks, while
maintaining the quality of service requested
by the Transport Layer.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer 4: Transport Layer

The Transport Layer provides transparent
transfer of data between end users, providing
reliable data transfer services to the upper
layers.
The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a
given link through flow control,
segmentation/documentation, and error
control.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer 5: Session Layer

The Session Layer controls the dialogues
(connections) between computers.
It establishes, manages and terminates the
connections between the local and remote
application.
It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex,
or simplex operation, and establishes check
pointing, adjournment, termination, and
restart procedures.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

This layer provides independence from
differences in data representation (e.g.,
encryption) by translating from application to
network format, and vice versa.
This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent
across a network, providing freedom from
compatibility problems.
It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer 7: Application Layer

The application layer is the OSI layer closest to
the end user, which means that both the OSI
application layer and the user interact directly
with the software application.
Application layer functions typically include:
identifying communication partners,
determining resource availability,
synchronizing communication.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

An exchange using the

OSI model

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Summary of OSI Layers

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

OSI Feature
Open system standards over the world
Rigorously defined structured, hierarchical
network model
Complete description of the function
Provide standard test procedures
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Introduction TCP/IP
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known
as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other
similar networks.
It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the
first two networking protocols defined in
this standard.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Original Layers
(Practically)
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Layers According to Book

(Theoretically)
Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

The Upper Layers

OSI

TCP / IP

Application (Layer7)
Presentation (Layer6)

Application

Session (Layer 5)

Session
Presentation
Application
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

The Session Layer

The Session layer permits two parties to hold
ongoing communications called a session across a
network.
Not found in TCP/IP model
In TCP/IP , its characteristics are provided by the TCP
protocol.
(Transport Layer)

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

The Presentation Layer

The Presentation Layer handles data format
information for networked communications. This is
done by converting data into a generic format that
could be understood by both sides.
Not found in TCP/IP model
In TCP/IP, this function is provided by the Application
Layer.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

The Application Layer

The Application Layer is the top layer of the reference
model. It provides a set of interfaces for applications
to obtain access to networked services as well as
access to the kinds of network services that support
applications directly.
OSI
- FTAM,VT,MHS,DS,CMIP
TCP/IP
- FTP,SMTP,TELNET,DNS,SNMP
Although the notion of an application process is
common to both, their approaches to constructing
application entities is different.

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

TCP/IP Transport Layer

Defines two standard transport protocols: TCP and
UDP
TCP implements a reliable data-stream protocol
connection oriented
UDP implements an unreliable data-stream
connectionless
TCP provides reliable data transmission

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

TCP/IP Stack

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

TCP/IP Encapsulation

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Layer

TCP/IP Some Protocol

Protocol

DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP

, POP3, SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet, Echo, RTP, P
NRP, rlogin, ENRP
Application
Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over
TCP/UDP, may also be considered part of the Internet
Layer.
Transport

TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP

IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6

Internet

Link

OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer protocol

since it runs per IP-subnet, but has been placed on the
Link since RFC 2740.

ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Comparison of Both Layers

OSI

TCP/IP

Application Layer
Presentation Layer

Application Layer
TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP,
NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ...

Session Layer
Transport Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Internet Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

TCP , UDP , ...

IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Link Layer
FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Comparison of TCP/IP
and OSI model

Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Comparing Transport for both

Models
The features of UDP and TCP defined at TCP/IP
Transport Layer correspond to many of the
requirements of the OSI Transport Layer.
There is a bit of bleed over for requirements in the
session layer of OSI since sequence numbers, and
port values can help to allow the Operating System
to keep track of sessions, but most of the TCP and
UDP functions and specifications map to the OSI
Transport Layer.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

Comparing Transport for both

Models
The TCP/IP and OSI architecture models both employ
all connection and connectionless models at
transport layer. However, the internet architecture
refers to the two models in TCP/IP as simply
connections and datagram's.
But the OSI reference model, with its penchant for
precise terminology, uses the terms connectionmode and connection-oriented for the connection
model and the term connectionless-mode for the
connectionless model.
Sub:-COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:-OSI,TCP/IP MODEL & COMPARISON

THANK YOU

REFERENCES
Books:1.COMPUTER NETWORKS
Fourth Edition by Andrew S. Tanenbaum

Web Resources:1.Google
2.Wikipedia

ANY QUERIES???