Basic Transistor

Applications

Switch

A bipolar circuit called an inverter, in which the transistor in the

circuit is switched between cutoff and saturation.

The load, for example, could be a

motor, a light-emitting diode or
some other electrical device.

If vI < VBE (on), then iB = iC = 0 and

the transistor is cut off.

Since iC = 0, the voltage drop

across the load is zero, so the
output voltage is vO = VCC.

Since the currents in the transistor are zero, power dissipation in

the transistor is zero that would turn off the LED if the load is LED.

If vI = VCC and if the ratio of IC to IB less than ,

then the transistor is usually driven into
saturation, means that:

Power Dissipated by the transistor, P = IB ( VBE) + IC( VCE)

In this case, the current IC will flow that would turn on the load.

Digital Logic NOT GATE

In the simple inverter circuit, if the input is approximately zero volts,

the transistor is in cutoff and the output is high and equal to VCC.

If the input is high and equal to VCC, the transistor is driven into
saturation, and the output is low and equal to VCE (sat).

Digital Logic NOR Gate

If the two inputs are zero,

both transistors Q1 and Q2
are in cutoff, and VO = 5 V.

When V1 = 5 V and V2 = 0,
transistor Q1 can be driven
into saturation, and Q2
remains in cutoff. With Q1
in saturation, the output
voltage VO = VCE (sat).

If V1 = 0 and V2 = 5 V, then Q1 is in cutoff,

and Q2 can be driven in saturation, and
VO = VCE (sat).

If both inputs are high,

meaning V1 = V2 = 5 V,
then both transistors can
be driven into saturation,
and VO = VCE (sat).

In a positive logic system,

meaning that the larger
voltage is a logic 1 and the
lower voltage is a logic 0,
the circuit performs the NOR logic
function.

The circuit is then a two-input bipolar

NOR logic circuit.

Amplifier: The BJT inverter circuit can also be used to amplify a time-varying
input signal

(a) A bipolar transistor inverter circuit, (b) the voltage transfer

characteristics

Bipolar Transistor
Biasing

Bipolar Transistor Biasing

Biasing refers to the DC voltages applied to
the transistor for it to turn on and operate in
the forward active region, so that it can
amplify the input AC signal

Biasing Circuits Fixed Bias Biasing

Circuit

The circuit is one of the simplest transistor circuits is known as

fixed-bias biasing circuit.

There is a single dc power supply, and the quiescent base current

is established through the resistor RB.

The coupling capacitor C1

acts as an open circuit to dc,
isolating the signal source
from the base current.

Typical values of C1 are in

the rage of 1 to 10 F,
although the actual value
depends on the frequency
range of interest.

Example

Determine the following:

(a) IBQ and ICQ
(b) VCEQ
(c) VB and VC
(d) VBC

Emitter-Stabilized Biasing Circuit

Adding a resistor to the emitter circuit stabilizes the bias circuit.

B-E Loop
Applying Kirchoffs voltage law:

VCC I B RB VBE I E RE 0
Knowing: I E ( 1) I B
Combining these two formulas:

VCC I B RB VBE ( 1) I B RE 0
Grouping terms and solving for IB:

VCC VBE
IB
RB ( 1)RE

C-E Loop
Applying Kirchoffs voltage law: I E RE VCE I C RC VCC 0

Finding VE:

VE I E RE

Finding VC: VC VCE VE

or
VC VCC I C RC
Finding VB: VB VCC I B RB
or

VB VBE VE

Improved Bias Stability

Adding RE to the Emitter improves the stability of a
transistor.
Stability refers to a bias circuit in which the currents
and voltages will remain fairly constant for a wide
range of temperatures and transistor Betas ().
The temperature surrounding the transistor circuit is
not always constant; the Beta () of a transistor is not
a fixed value.

Voltage Divider Biasing Circuit

This is a very stable bias circuit.

The currents and voltages are almost independent of variations in .

Analysis
Redrawing the input side of the network by
changing it into Thevenin Equivalent

RTh: the voltage source is replaced

by a short-circuit equivalent

Analysis
VTh: open-circuit Thevenin voltage
is determined.

VTH
VTH

Use voltage divider

Inserting the Thevenin

equivalent circuit

Analysis

The Thevenin equivalent circuit

BJT Biasing in Amplifier

Example
Find VCE ,IE, IC and IB given
=100, VCC=10V, R1 = 56 kW, R2 = 12.2 kW,
RC = 2 kW and RE = 0.4 kW

VTH= R2 /(R1 + R2 )VCC

VTH = 12.2k/(56k+12.2k).(10)
VTH = 1.79V
RTH = R1 // R2
= 10 kW

BJT Biasing in Amplifier

Circuits
VTH = RTH IB + VBE + RE IE
1.79 = 10k IB + 0.7 + 0.4k (+1)IB
IB = 21.62mA

IC = IB = 100(21.62m)=2.16mA
IE = IC + IB = 2.18mA
VCC = RC IC + VCE + RE IE
10 = 2k(2.16m)+VCE +0.4(2.18m)
VCE = 4.8 V active region

Biasing using Collector to Base Feedback

Resistor

Find RB and RC such that IE = 1mA , VCE = 2.3 V, VCC = 10 V

and =100.

Biasing using Collector to Base Feedback

Resistor
VCE = IB RB + VBE
2.3 = (IE / (+1))RB + 0.7
RB = 161.6 kW
VCC = IE RC + VCE
10 = 1m RC + 2.3
RC = 7.7 kW