Faraday S Law

What is Electromagnetics?
Fundamental Laws of
Electromagnetics
The Story of E and B

Stationary charges cause electric fields
(Coulombs Law, Gauss Law).
Moving charges or currents cause magnetic fields
(Biot-Savart Law). Therefore, electric fields
produce magnetic fields.
Question: Can changing magnetic fields cause
electric fields?
Maxwell equations :
D
rot
H
B
rot E
t
div D
div B 0
Time-independent case : ( Ampres / Biot-Savart ) law

( Faradays ) law of induction
( Time-dependent equations )
Gauss
) law
Gauss
) law for magnetism
D E
B H
J E
Electromagnetic wave :
propagation speed : v
in a vacuum, v
( Initial conditions )
0 0
( Electric ) field
c ( Magnetic ) field
Assumptions
Todays agenda:
Induced emf.
You must understand how changing magnetic flux can induce an emf, and be able to
determine the direction of the induced emf.
Faradays Law.
You must be able to use Faradays Law to calculate the emf induced in a circuit.
Lenzs Law.
You must be able to use Lenzs Law to determine the direction induced current, and
therefore induced emf.
Motional emf; Generators (part 1).
You must understand how generators work, and use Faradays Law to calculate numerical
values of parameters associated with generators.
Induced emf and Faradays Law

Magnetic Induction
We have found that an electric current can give rise to a
magnetic field
I wonder if a magnetic field can somehow give rise to an
electric current
It is observed experimentally that changes in magnetic flux

induce an emf in a conductor.
B
An electric current is induced if there is a closed circuit (e.g.,

loop of wire) in the changing magnetic flux.
I
B
A constant magnetic flux does not induce an emfit takes a

changing magnetic flux.
Note that change may or may not not require observable (to
you) motion.
A magnet may move through a loop of wire,
wire or a
loop of wire may be moved through a magnetic field
(as suggested in the previous slide). These involve
observable motion.
N
v
region of
move magnet toward coil magnetic field
change area of loop
inside magnetic field
this part of the loop is

closest to your eyes
rotate coil in
magnetic field
changing I
induced I
changing B
A changing current in a loop of wire gives rise to a

changing magnetic field (predicted by Amperes
law) which can induce a current in another nearby
loop of wire.
In the this case, nothing observable (to your eye) is moving,
although, of course microscopically, electrons are in motion.
Induced emf is produced by a changing magnetic flux.
Todays agenda:
Induced emf.
Faradays Law.
Lenzs Law.
We can quantify the induced emf described qualitatively in the

last few slides by using magnetic flux.
Experimentally, if the flux through N loops of wire changes by
dB in a time dt, the induced emf is
dB
= -N
.
dt
Faradays Law of
Magnetic Induction
Faradays law of induction is one of the fundamental laws of

electricity and magnetism.
I wonder why the sign
In the equation
dB
= -N
,
dt
Faradays Law of
Magnetic Induction
B B dA is the magnetic flux.
This is sometimes shown as another version of Faradays Law:

dB
E ds = - dt
In a future lecture, well work with
E ds.
Well use this version

in a later lecture.
Example: move a magnet towards a coil of wire.

N=5 turns
A=0.002 m2
dB
= 0.4 T/s
dt
d B dA
dB
= -N
= -N
dt
dt
d BA
= -N
dt
S
v
(what assumption did I make here?)
dB
= -NA
dt
T
= - 5 0.002 m2 0.4 = -0.004 V
Ways to induce an emf:

change B
Possible homework hint: B dB B dA B(t) dA if B varies but loop B.
change the area of the loop in the field
Possible homework hint: for a circular loop, C=2R, so A=r2=(C/2)2=C2/4, so you can express d(BA)/dt in terms of dC/dt.
Ways to induce an emf (continued):

change the orientation of the loop in the field
=90
=45
=0
Example: a uniform (but time-varying) magnetic field passes through a

circular coil whose normal is parallel to the magnetic field. The coils area is
10-2 m2 and it has a resistance of 1 m. B varies with time as shown in the
graph. Plot the current in the coil as a function of time.
d BA
dB
dB
===- A
dt
dt
dt
A dB
= IR I = = R
R dt
For 0 < t < 3:
.01 T
=1 s
.01 .01
dB B .01
A dB
=
=
I=== - .0333 A
dt
t
3
R dt
.001 3
For 3 < t < 5:
dB
=0 I=0
dt
Example: a uniform (but time-varying) magnetic field passes through a

circular coil whose normal is parallel to the magnetic field. The coils area is
10-2 m2 and it has a resistance of 1 m. B varies with time as shown in the
graph. Plot the current in the coil as a function of time.
For 5 < t < 11:
dB B -.01
=
=
dt
t
6
.01 -.01
A dB
I==R dt
.001 6
I(t)
.01 T
= + .0167 A
=1 s
-.0333 A
Todays agenda:
Induced emf.
Faradays Law.
Lenzs Law.
Experimentally
Lenzs lawAn induced emf always gives rise to a current
whose magnetic field opposes the change in flux.*
N
I
+
S
v
If Lenzs law were not trueif there were a + sign in

Faradays lawthen a changing magnetic field would produce
a current, which would further increase the magnetic field,
further increasing the current, making the magnetic field still
bigger
*Think of the current resulting from the induced emf as trying to maintain the status quo
to prevent change.
More on Lenzs Law:

An induced current has a direction such that the magnetic field
due to the current opposes the change in the
magnetic flux that induces the current
Question: What is the direction of the current induced in the ring

given B increasing or decreasing?
B due to induced current
B due to induced current
Faradays Law
dB
= -N
dt
You can use Faradays Law to calculate the magnitude of the

emf (or whatever the problem wants). Then use Lenzs Law to
figure out the direction of the induced current (or the direction
of whatever the problem wants).
The direction of the induced emf is in the direction of the
current that flows in response to the flux change. We usually
ask you to calculate the magnitude of the induced emf ( || )
and separately specify its direction.
Todays agenda:
Induced emf.
Faradays Law.
Lenzs Law.
Motional emf: an overview

An emf is induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field.
Your text introduces four ways of producing motional emf. We
will cover the first two in this lecture.
1. Flux change through a conducting loop produces an emf:
rotating loop.
A
dB
=dt
start with this
= NBA sin t
side view
I=
NBA
sin t
R
P = INBA sin t
derive these

expanding loop.
dA
x=vdt
dB
=dt
start with these
FM = I B
=B v
B v
I = =
R
R
P = FP v =I Bv
derive these
Next time we will look at two more examples of motional emf

3. Conductor moving in a magnetic field experiences an emf:
magnetic force on charged particles.
start with these
F = q E+ v B
=E
(Mr. Ed)
derive this
=B v
You could also solve this using Faradays Law by constructing a virtual circuit using virtual conductors.

moving loop.

start with this
dB
=dt
derive these
=B v
B v
I =
P = I Bv
R
Generators.
Generators and Motors: a basic introduction

Take a loop of wire in a magnetic field
and rotate it with an angular speed .
side view
B =B A = BA cos
Choose 0=0. Then
= 0 t = t .
B = BA cos t
dB
= dt
Generators are an application of motional emf.
side view
If there are N loops in the coil
dB
= -N
dt
= -N
d BA cos t
dt
= NBA sin t
The NBA equation!
|| is maximum when = t = 90 or 270; i.e., when B is

zero. The rate at which the magnetic flux is changing is then
maximum. On the other hand, is zero when the magnetic flux
is maximum.
emf, current and power from a generator
= NBA sin t
NBA
I= =
sin t
R
R
P = I = INBA sin t
None of these are on your starting equation sheet!
Example: the armature of a 60 Hz ac generator rotates in a

0.15 T magnetic field. If the area of the coil is 2x10-2 m2, how
many loops must the coil contain if the peak output is to be
max = 170 V?
= N B A sin t
Legal for me,

not for you!
max = N B A
N =
N =
max
BA
170 V
0.15 T 210-2 m2 2 60 s-1

N = 150 (turns)
Another Kind of Generator: A Slidewire Generator

Recall that one of the ways to induce an emf is to change the
area of the loop in the magnetic field. Lets see how this
works.
v
B
A U-shaped conductor and a
moveable conducting rod are placed
in a magnetic field, as shown.

The rod moves to the right with a
dA
constant speed v for a time dt.
vdt
x
The rod moves a distance v dt and the area of the loop inside
the magnetic field increases by an amount
dA = v dt .
The loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field, so the

magnetic flux through the loop is B = B dA = BA. The emf
induced in the conductor can be calculated using Faradays
law:
dB
= -N
dt
B v
d BA
= 1
dt

B dA
=
dt
dA
vdt
x
dx
= B
B and v are vector magnitudes, so
dt
= B v.
they are always +. Wire length is

always +. You use Lenzs law to
get the direction of the current.
Direction of current?
The induced emf causes current to flow in the loop.
Magnetic flux inside the loop

increases (more area).
System wants to make the flux
stay the same, so the current gives
rise to a field inside the loop into
the plane of the paper (to
counteract the extra flux).
Clockwise current!
I
x
vdt
dA
As the bar moves through the magnetic field, it feels a force
FM = I B
A constant pulling force, equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction,
must be applied to keep the bar
moving with a constant velocity.
FP = FM = I B
v
B
I
x
F
M
FP
Power and current.

If the loop has resistance R, the current is
B v
I = =
.
R
R
And the power is
P = FP v =I Bv
P = I IR = I2R
(as expected).
Mechanical energy (from the pulling force) has been

converted into electrical energy, and the electrical energy is
then dissipated by the resistance of the wire.
Todays agenda:
Motional emf (part 2).
You must be able to apply Faradays and Lenzs Laws to calculation motional emf, as well
as current and power in circuits powered by motional emf.
Motors and Generators (part 2).
We use Faradays Law to calculate numerical values of parameters associated with more
kinds of generators. You must also understand conceptually how motors and generators
work.
Back emf.
You must be able to use Lenzs law to explain back emf.
Motional emf
An emf is induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field.
In the last lecture you learned about two examples of
motional emf.
rotating loop.
A
dB
=dt
start with this
= NBA sin t
side view
I=
NBA
sin t
R
P = INBA sin t
derive these

expanding loop.
dA
x=vdt
dB
=dt
start with these
FM = I B
=B v
B v
I = =
R
R
P = FP v =I Bv
derive these
Today well look at two more examples of motional emf.

3. Conductor moving in a magnetic field experiences an emf:
magnetic force on charged particles.
start with these
F = q E+ v B
=E
(Mr. Ed)
derive this
=B v
You could also solve this using Faradays Law by constructing a virtual circuit using virtual conductors.

moving loop.

start with this
dB
=dt
derive these
=B v
B v
I =
P = I Bv
R
Example 3 of motional emf: moving conductor in B field.

Example 4 of motional emf: flux change through conducting
loop. (Entire loop is moving.)
Lets work out these two examples now.
Remember, its the flux change that produces the emf. Flux has no direction associated with
it. However, the presence of flux is due to the presence of a magnetic field, which does have
a direction, and allows us to use Lenzs law to determine the direction of current and emf.
Example 3 of motional emf: moving conductor in B field.

Motional emf is the emf induced in a conductor moving in a
magnetic field.
If a conductor (purple bar) moves

with speed v in a magnetic field,
the electrons in the bar experience
a force
FM = qv B = - ev B
The force on the electrons is up, so the top end of the

bar acquires a net charge and the bottom end of the bar
acquires a net + charge.
up
The separated charges in the bar produce an electric field

pointing up the bar. The emf across the length of the bar is
= E
The electric field exerts a
downward force on the electrons:
FE = qE = - eE
An equilibrium condition is reached,
where the magnetic and electric
forces are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction.
evB = eE = e
=B v
up
Example 4 of motional emf: flux change through conducting

loop. (Entire loop is moving.)
Ill include some numbers with this example.
A square coil of side 5 cm contains 100 loops and is positioned

perpendicular to a uniform 0.6 T magnetic field. It is quickly
and uniformly pulled from the field (moving to B) to a region
where the field drops abruptly to zero. It takes 0.10 s to
remove the coil, whose resistance is 100 .
5 cm
B = 0.6 T
(a) Find the change in flux through the coil.

Initial: Bi =
B dA= BA .
Final: Bf = 0 .
B = Bf - Bi = 0 - BA = - (0.6 T) (0.05 m)2 = - 1.5x10-3 Wb.
(b) Find the current and emf induced.

Current will begin to flow when the coil starts to exit the magnetic
field. Because of the resistance of the coil, the current will eventually
stop flowing after the coil has left the magnetic field.
final
initial
The current must flow clockwise to induce an inward
magnetic field (which replaces the removed magnetic field).
The induced emf is

dB
d(BA)
dA
= -N
= -N
= -NB
dt
dt
dt
d x
dA
=
=
dt
dt
x
v
dx
=
dt
= - NB v
uniformly pulled
x
5 cm
m
v =
=
= 0.5
t
0.1 s
s
= 100 0.6 T 0.05 m 0.5

s
= 1.5 V
The induced current is
I =
1.5 V
100
= 15 mA .
A square coil of side 5 cm contains 100 loops and is positioned

perpendicular to a uniform 0.6 T magnetic field. It is quickly
and uniformly pulled from the field (moving to B) to a region
where the field drops abruptly to zero. It takes 0.10 s to
remove the coil, whose resistance is 100 .
5 cm
B = 0.6 T
And now, back to our

regularly-scheduled lecture.
(c) How much energy is dissipated in the coil?

Current flows only* during the time flux changes.
W = P t = I2R t = (1.5x10-2 A)2 (100 ) (0.1 s) = 2.25x10-3 J
(d) Discuss the forces involved in this example.
The loop has to be pulled out of the magnetic field, so there

is a pulling force, which does work.
The pulling force is opposed by a magnetic force on the
current flowing in the wire. If the loop is pulled uniformly
out of the magnetic field (no acceleration) the pulling and
magnetic forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
*Remember: if there were no resistance in the loop, the current would flow indefinitely. However, the
resistance quickly halts the flow of current once the magnetic flux stops changing.
The flux change occurs only when the coil is in the process of
leaving the region of magnetic field.

No
No
No
No
flux change.
emf.
current.
work (why?).
Fapplied
Flux changes. emf induced. Current flows. Work

done.
No flux change. No emf. No current. (No work.)
(e) Calculate the force necessary to pull the coil from the field.
Remember, a force is needed only when the coil is partly in
the field region.

Fmag = N IL B
Multiply by N because there

are N loops in the coil.
where L is a vector in the direction of I having a magnitude

equal to the length of the wire inside the field region.

F3
L
3
L2

F2

L
1

about the busy slide!

I L4Sorry
=0
The forces should be shown
acting at the centers
Fpullof the
coil sides in the field.
F1
There must be a pulling force to the right to overcome the net

magnetic force to the left.
Magnitudes only (direction shown in diagram):
Fmag = NILB = 100 1.5 10-2 5 10-2 0.6 = 4.5 10-2 N=Fpull

F3
L
3
L2

F2

L
1

Fpull
F1
This calculation assumes the coil is pulled out uniformly; i.e.,

no acceleration, so Fpull = Fmag.
Work done by pulling force:
Wpull = Fpull D = NILB i L i
Wpull = 100 1.5 10-2 5 10-2 0.6 5 10-2 = 2.25 10-3 J

x
I
Fpull
The work done by the pulling force is equal to the electrical

energy provided to (and dissipated in) the coil.
Todays agenda:
work.
Back emf.
electric motors and web applets

Generator: source of mechanical energy rotates a current loop
in a magnetic field, and mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
Electric motor: a generator in reverse. Current in loop in
magnetic field gives rise to torque on loop.
A dc motor animation is here.

Details about ac and dc motors at hyperphysics.
Other useful animations here.
detailed look at a generator (if time permits)

Lets begin by looking at a simple animation of a generator.
http://www.wvic.com/how-gen-works.htm
brush
Heres a freeze-frame.
Normally, many coils of wire are
wrapped around an armature.
The picture shows only one.
slip ring
Brushes pressed against a slip ring make continual contact.
The shaft on which the armature is mounted
is turned by some mechanical means.
Disclaimer: there are some oversimplifications in this analysis which an expert would consider
errors. Anyone who is an expert at generators is invited to help me correct these slides!
Lets look at the current direction in this particular freezeframe.

B is down. Coil
rotates counterclockwise.
Put your fingers
along the
direction of
movement. Stick
out your thumb.
Bend your fingers 90. Rotate your hand until the fingers
point in the direction of B. Your thumb points in the direction
of conventional current.
One more thing
This wire
connects to this
ring
so the current
flows this way.
Another way to generate electricity with hamsters: give them little

magnetic collars, and run them through a maze of coiled wires.
http://www.xs4all.nl/~jcdverha/scijokes/2_16.html#subindex
Later in the cycle, the current still flows clockwise in the

loop
but now this*
wire
connects to this
ring
so the current
flows this way.
Alternating current! ac!

Without commutatordc.
*Same wire as before, in different position.
Todays agenda:
work.
Back emf.
back emf (also known as counter emf) (if time permits)

A changing magnetic field in wire produces a current. A
constant magnetic field does not.
We saw how changing the magnetic field experienced by a

coil of wire produces ac current.
But the electrical current produces a magnetic field, which by
Lenzs law, opposes the change in flux which produced the
current in the first place.
http://campus.murraystate.edu/tsm/tsm118/Ch7/Ch7_4/Ch7_4.htm
The effect is like that of friction.
The counter emf is like friction that opposes the original

change of current.
Motors have many coils of wire, and thus generate a large
counter emf when they are running.
Goodkeeps the motor from running away. Badrobs
you of energy.
Example: An airplane travels 1000 km/h in a region where the

earths field is 5x10-5 T and is vertical. What is the potential
difference induced between the wing tips that are 70 m apart?
The electrons pile up on the left hand wing of the plane,

leaving an excess of + charge on the right hand wing.
The equation for at the bottom of
slide 10 gives the potential difference.
(Youd have to derive this on a test.)
=B v
= 510-5 T 70 m 280 m/s
= 1V
+
No danger to passengers! (But I would want my airplane
designers to be aware of this.)
Example: Blood contains charged ions, so blood flow can be

measured by applying a magnetic field and measuring the
induced emf. If a blood vessel is 2 mm in diameter and a 0.08
T magnetic field causes an induced emf of 0.1 mv, what is the
flow velocity of the blood?
=Bv
v = / (B )
If B is applied to the blood vessel, then B is to v. The
ions flow along the blood vessel, but the emf is induced across
the blood vessel, so is the diameter of the blood vessel.
v = (0.1x10-3 V) / ( (0.08 T)(0.2x10-3 m) )
v = 0.63 m/s

Faraday S Law

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Faraday S Law

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What is Electromagnetics?

The Story of E and B

Time-independent case : ( Ampres / Biot-Savart ) law

) law for magnetism

Motional emf; Generators (part 1).

Induced emf and Faradays Law

It is observed experimentally that changes in magnetic flux

An electric current is induced if there is a closed circuit (e.g.,

A constant magnetic flux does not induce an emfit takes a

this part of the loop is

A changing current in a loop of wire gives rise to a

Motional emf; Generators (part 1).

We can quantify the induced emf described qualitatively in the

Faradays law of induction is one of the fundamental laws of

B B dA is the magnetic flux.

This is sometimes shown as another version of Faradays Law:

In a future lecture, well work with

Well use this version

Example: move a magnet towards a coil of wire.

(what assumption did I make here?)

Ways to induce an emf:

Possible homework hint: B dB B dA B(t) dA if B varies but loop B.

change the area of the loop in the field

Ways to induce an emf (continued):

Example: a uniform (but time-varying) magnetic field passes through a

Example: a uniform (but time-varying) magnetic field passes through a

For 5 < t < 11:

Motional emf; Generators (part 1).

If Lenzs law were not trueif there were a + sign in

More on Lenzs Law:

Question: What is the direction of the current induced in the ring

B due to induced current

You can use Faradays Law to calculate the magnitude of the

Motional emf; Generators (part 1).

Motional emf: an overview

start with this

2. Flux change through a conducting loop produces an emf:

start with these

Next time we will look at two more examples of motional emf

start with these

4. Flux change through a conducting loop produces an emf:

start with this

Generators and Motors: a basic introduction

Generators are an application of motional emf.

If there are N loops in the coil

|| is maximum when = t = 90 or 270; i.e., when B is

emf, current and power from a generator

None of these are on your starting equation sheet!

Example: the armature of a 60 Hz ac generator rotates in a

Legal for me,

0.15 T 210-2 m2 2 60 s-1

Another Kind of Generator: A Slidewire Generator

moveable conducting rod are placed

in a magnetic field, as shown.

The rod moves to the right with a

The loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field, so the

they are always +. Wire length is

Magnetic flux inside the loop

As the bar moves through the magnetic field, it feels a force

Power and current.

Mechanical energy (from the pulling force) has been

Motional emf (part 2).

Motors and Generators (part 2).