TRANSISI DAN SHALLOW

MARINE

Barrier Island and Near Shore Environments

Barrier Island: long, narrow sand bodies
Barrier Island: formed by wave processes
Marine part of Barrier and beach environment can be split into
several zones based on main process:
1.Backshore: Above mean high tide, low angle land dipping
laminae; eolian dune at top.
2. Foreshore: Between High and low tide. Swash zone, wedge
shape sets of low angle seaward dipping laminae. Minor ripple,
dune lamination. Heavy mineral concentration.
3. Shoreface: Between low water mark and fair weather wave
base. Low angle seaward dipping lamination and/or dune cross
bedding. Ripple lamination more common towards base of
sequence. Abundant bioturbation.

 Upper offshore: below fair weather base, above

stormweather base. Interbedded thin sandstones
and claystones, hummocky and swaley cross
stratification. Intense bioturbation.

Barrier islands formed in areas with high tidal

ranges. Cut by tidal inlets. Fining upward channelfill sequences with dune trough and planar cross
bedding, herringbone cross-stratification.
Tidal inlets are associated with ebb and flood tidal
deltas.

Deltaic Environments
Delta are distinct extension from the shore line where rivers
enter marine or fresh-water depositional basins and supply
sediments faster than the basin process can redistribute
them.
The primary character of delta usually results from the
struggle between fluvial and basinal processes.
ALLUVIAL sediments and the Sediment basin
Types of sediments supplied to marine basins have large
influence on the sediments that accumulated.
- Amaunt of sediment supplied vs reworking ability of basin.
- grains sizes of supplied sediments
- fluctutions in alluvialdischarge
-timing of fluctuations in fluvial discharge vs fluctuations in
basinal energy regimes.

 DELTA MODELS

1. High constructive delta dominated by fluvial process:

A. Lobate
B. Birdsfoot
2. Highly destructive deltas dominated by basinal
process:
A. Wave Dominated
B. Tide dominated
Fluvial Dominated Deltas:
Unidirectional flow.
Highly sinous patern.
Deltas with sporadic discharge and high bedload can
develop braided patern.

 Facies and sequences resembles alluvial deposits,

erosive basal and basal lag. Multy strory sequences.
Overal fining upward of the channel sequences.
The inter distributary area are enclosed, shallow
water quiet or stagnate waters. Dominated
sequence and facies are flood generated events:
1. overbank flooding
2.Crevase splay
3. minor mouth bar/ crevase channel couplets:
permanent crevase channel and small scale mouth
bar.

TIDE dominateed Deltas:

Region with medium to high tidal ranges
Distributary channel , low sinousities and funnel shape
with high width to depth ratios.
Interdistributary composed of lagoons, tidal creek,
intertidal flats.
WAVE dominated Deltas
Wave processes redistribute sediment supplied to delta
front.
Regular beach shore line.
Distributary mouth bars can not develop.
Bioturbated, fossiliferous muds pass upward in to
alternating mud, silt, and sand beds, scouring, grading,
cross lamination.

Recognition af ancient delta Types

Vertical facies sequences are important in
recognizing regime defined deltas
Lateral, regional facies relationships allow
reconstruction of proximal/ distal and axial/lateral
changes.
Isopach maps can identify the concentrations of
sands and hopefully provide insight to delta channel
locations.
Abandonment markr horizons can reflect sand
distributions and indirectly indicate the delta type

Growth faults in alluvially dominated deltas

Growth faults: Result of compaction disequilibrium
Found in deltas with prolific net sediment accumulation and high shale/ sand rartios.
Overpressured clays are abnormally high in porosity
and therefore relatively plastic, compared to adjacent
sediments.
Generation of mud diapir, which servw as weak spots
that allow sediments failure,instigating spoon-shaped
growth faults with maximum throws in the center.
Rollover anticlines form along the contact with
upthrown sides of this faults resulting in structurallyhigh contour closers.