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Promises of Wireless

MIMO Systems
Mattias Wennstrm
Uppsala University
Sweden
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Outline

Introduction...why MIMO??
Shannon capacity of MIMO systems Telatar, AT&T 1995
The pipe interpretation
To exploit the MIMO channel
BLAST Foschini, Bell Labs 1996
Space Time Coding Tarokh, Seshadri & Calderbank 1998
Beamforming

Comparisons & hardware issues


Space time coding in 3G & EDGE
Release 99

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Why multiple antennas ????


Frequency and time processing are at limits
Space processing is interesting because it
does not increase bandwidth

outdoor

Specular Scattering
channels
channels

indoor

Phased array
range extension,
interference reduction

Adaptive Antennas
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

interference cancellation

MIMO
Systems
(diversity)

Initial Assumptions

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Flat fading channel (Bcoh>> 1/ Tsymb)


Slowly fading channel (Tcoh>> Tsymb)
nr receive and nt transmit antennas
Noise limited system (no CCI)
Receiver estimates the channel perfectly
We consider space diversity only

Classical receive diversity


H11

H21

PT
*
C log 2 det I 2 HH
nt

= log2[1+(PT/s2)|H|2]
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

[bit/(Hzs)]

Capacity increases logarithmically


with number of receive antennas...

H = [ H11 H21]

Transmit diversity / beamforming


H11
H12
Cdiversity = log2(1+(PT/2s2)|H|2)

[bit/(Hzs)]

Cbeamforming = log2(1 +(PT/s2 )|H|2)


[bit/(Hzs)]
3 dB SNR increase if transmitter knows H
Capacity increases logarithmically with nt
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Multiple Input Multiple Output systems


H
H 11
H 21

H11
H12

H21

H12
H 22

H22
Cdiversity = log2det[I +(PT/2s2 )HH]=

Where the i are the


eigenvalues to HH

P
P

log 2 1 T 2 1 log 2 1 T 2 2
2s

2s

Interpretation:

Transmitter
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

m=min(nr, nt) parallel channels,


equal power allocated to each pipe

Receiver

MIMO capacity in general


H unknown at TX

H known at TX

P
C log 2 det I 2T HH *
s nt

PT
log 2 1 2 i
i 1
s nt

p
C log 2 1 i 2 i
s

i 1
m

Where the power distribution over


pipes are given by a water filling
solution

1
PT pi
i
i 1
i 1

m min( nr , nt )

p1

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

p2
p3
p4

1
2
3
4

The Channel Eigenvalues


Orthogonal channels HH =I, 1= 2= = m= 1

P
Cdiversity log 2 1 2T i min(nt , nr ) log 2 (1 PT / s 2 nt )
i 1
s nt
m

Capacity increases linearly with min( nr , nt )


An equal amount of power PT/nt is allocated
to each pipe

Transmitter
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Receiver

Random channel models and


Delay limited capacity
In stochastic channels,
the channel capacity becomes a random
variable

Define : Outage probability Pout = Pr{ C < R }


Define : Outage capacity R0 given a outage
probability Pout = Pr{ C < R0 }, this is the delay
limited capacity.

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Outage probability approximates the


Word error probability for coding blocks of approx length100

Example : Rayleigh fading channel


Hij CN (0,1)
Ordered eigenvalue
distribution for
nr= nt = 4 case.

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

nr=1

nr= nt

To Exploit the MIMO Channel


Bell Labs Layered
Space Time Architecture

Time

s1 s1 s1 s1 s1 s1
s2 s2 s2 s2 s2 s2

V-BLAST

s3 s3 s3 s3 s3 s3
s0 s1 s2 s0 s1 s2
s0 s1 s2 s0 s1
s0 s1 s2 s0

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

D-BLAST

nr nt required
Symbol by symbol detection.
Using nulling and symbol
cancellation
V-BLAST implemented -98
by Bell Labs (40 bps/Hz)
If one pipe is bad in BLAST
we get errors ...

{G.J.Foschini, Bell Labs Technical Journal 1996 }

Space Time Coding


Use parallel channel to obtain diversity not
spectral efficiency as in BLAST
Space-Time trellis codes : coding and diversity
gain (require Viterbi detector)
Space-Time block codes : diversity gain
(use outer code to get coding gain)
nr= 1 is possible
Properly designed codes acheive diversity of nr nt

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

*{V.Tarokh, N.Seshadri, A.R.Calderbank


Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication:
Performance Criterion and Code Construction
, IEEE Trans. On Information Theory March 1998 }

Orthogonal Space-time Block Codes


Block of T
symbols

Constellation
mapper
Data in

STBC

Block of K
symbols

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Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

nt transmit
antennas

K input symbols, T output symbols T K


R=K/T is the code rate
If R=1 the STBC has full rate
If T= nt the code has minimum delay
Detector is linear !!!

*{V.Tarokh, H.Jafarkhani, A.R.Calderbank


Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs,
IEEE Trans. On Information Theory June 1999 }

STBC for 2 Transmit Antennas

c0
[ c0 c1 ]
c1

c1*
*
c0

Full rate and


minimum delay
Antenna

Time

Assume 1 RX antenna:

Received signal at time 0


Received signal at time 1
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

r0 h1c0 h2 c1 n0
r1 h1c1* h2 c0* n1

r Hc n
r0
r * ,
r1

h1
H *
h2

h2
,
*
h1

n0
n * ,
n1

c0
c
c1

2
*
*
*
~
~
r H r H Hc H n H F c n

Diagonal matrix due to orthogonality

The MIMO/ MISO system is in fact


transformed to an equivalent SISO system
with SNR
SNReq = || H ||F2 SNR/nt
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

|| H ||F2 = 1 2

1 2

The existence of Orthogonal STBC


Real symbols :

For nt =2,4,8 exists delay optimal


full rate codes.
For nt =3,5,6,7,>8 exists full rate
codes with delay (T>K)
Complex symbols : For nt =2 exists delay optimal
full rate codes.
For nt =3,4 exists rate 3/4 codes
For nt > 4 exists (so far)
rate 1/2 codes
Example: nt =4, K=3, T=4
R=3/4 s1 s2
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

s1
0
s3
*
s2
*
s3

s2

s1
s3

s3*
s1*

s2

s3
s2*
0

s1*

Outage capacity of STBC


CSTBC

SNR
log 2 1
H
n
t

SNR

Cdiversity log 2 det I


HH
nt

Optimal capacity

STBC is optimal
wrt capacity if
HH = || H ||F2
which is the case for
MISO systems
Low rank channels
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Performance of the STBC


(Rayleigh faded channel)

The PDF of
|| H ||F2 = 1 2 .. m

Assume BPSK modulation


BER is then given by
1
Pb

4SNR

nr nt

2nr nt 1

nr nt

Diversity gain
nrnt which is
same as for
orthogonal
channels
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

nt=4 transmit antennas and


nr is varied.

MIMO With Beamforming

Requires that channel H is known at the transmitter


Is the capacity-optimal transmission strategy if
1

SNR

Which is often true for line of sight (LOS) channels

Only one pipe is used


Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Cbeamforming = log2(1+SNR1)

[bit/(Hzs)]

Comparisons...
2 * 2 system. With specular component (Ricean fading)

One dominating
eigenvalue. BF puts
all energy into
that pipe
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

Correlated channels / Mutual coupling ...


When angle spread (D)
is small, we have a
dominating eigenvalue.
The mutual coupling
actually
improves the performance
of the STBC by making the
eigenvalues more equal
in magnitude.

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

WCDMA Transmit diversity concept


(3GPP Release 99 with 2 TX antennas)

2 modes

Open loop mode is exactly the


2 antenna STBC s0 s1*

Open loop (STTD)

s1
Closed loop (1 bit / slot feedback)
Submode 1 (1 phase bit)
Submode 2 (3 phase bits / 1 gain bit)

s0*

The feedback bits (1500 Hz) determines the beamformer weights


Submode 1 Equal power and bit chooses phase between
{0,180} / {90/270}
Submode 2 Bit one chooses power division {0.8 , 0.2} / {0.2 , 0.8}
and 3 bits chooses phase in an 8-PSK constellation
Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

GSM/EDGE Space time coding proposal


Frequency selective channel
Require new software in terminals ..
Invented by Erik Lindskog
Time Reversal Space Time Coding

(works for 2 antennas)

Block

S1(t)

Time reversal

Complex conjugate

Time reversal

Complex conjugate

S(t)
S2(t)

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

-1

Take- home message


Channel capacity increases linearly
with min(nr, nt)
STBC is in the 3GPP WCDMA proposal

Mattias
Wennstrm
Signals &
Systems Group

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