Induced Voltage in A Three Phase Generator V

EE 108
CIRCUITS 3
Induced Voltage In A
Three-Phase Generator
by:
Cesar G. Manalo, Jr.
Objectives
Demonstrate how a three-phase voltage is generated in a three-phase
generator.
Construct the circuit diagram of the balanced Y (wye) and (delta) connected
three-phase generators and explain the relationship between the phase and
line current/voltages.
Construct the phasor diagram of a balanced Y and -connected source
Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
A salient-type rotor with single coil
Stator with Rotor

inserted
Stator with Rotor

inserted and coil
with DC excitation
Current
flowing in
P
.
air-gap
Current
flowing out
Magnetic Field produced by Rotor

When the rotor is not moving, the magnetic flux density
distribution over the air gap is sinusoidal in nature.
B = BM cos ( )
(flux density at the air gap
at any angle at =0)
Current
flowing in
P
45o
B = BM
(flux density at air gap
near pt. P (=0) at =0)
B = BM cos(-45o)
near pt. Q at =0)
Current
flowing out
When the rotor is moving at angular velocity of m, the magnetic flux

distribution over the air gap is;
B = BM cos (t )
(flux density at the air gap
at any angle )
Current
flowing in
P
45o
B = BM cos (t )
near pt. P (=0) )
B = BM cos(t - 45o)
near pt. Q)
Current
flowing out
Current
flowing in
mt =0
.
air-gap
Current
flowing out
Current
flowing in
mt =30o
air-gap
Current
flowing out
Current
flowing in
mt =60o
air-gap
Current
flowing out

B
l
c
c-d
rotor
edc
+
BM
eind
-
eba
stator
a-b
air-gap
The stator coil

Air-gap flux density:
B()= BM cos (t )
B
BM
180o
360o
where is the angular position of the conductor with respect to the maximum value
of the flux.

coil
slots
stator
BM
c-d
a-b
air gap
= 90o
rotor

B()= BM cos (t )
rotor is moving
in this direction
Flux density distribution around the air-gap at t = 0

B
l
c
c-d
rotor
edc
+
eind
-
eba
b
stator
BM
a-b
a
v
air-gap
Since the coil is cutting the

rotating flux produced by the rotor, voltages are induced
on the coil.
The voltage eind, will be the sum of the voltages induced on
the segments of the coil.

B
l
c
c-d
rotor
edc
+
eind
+
b
eba
stator
BM
a-b
a
v
eab in segment ab:

eab = (v x B) l
= (vB sin 90o) l cos 0o = v BM cos (t ) l
eab = v BM l cos (t 180o)
(directed into the page)
air-gap

B
l
c
edc
c-d
eind
+
b
rotor
+
+
eba
stator
BM
a-b
a
v
edc in segment dc:

edc = (v x B) l
= (vB sin 90o) l cos 0o = v BM cos (t ) l
edc = v BM l cos (t)
(directed out of the page)
air-gap

B
l
c
edc
c-d
eind
+
b
rotor
+
+
eba
stator
BM
a-b
a
v
air-gap
ebc and eda :

These segments does not cut the flux from the rotor,
hence, no voltages are induced.

B
l
c
edc
c-d
+
eind
+
b
eind:
rotor
eba
stator
BM
a-b
air-gap
eind = edc + eba = v BM cos mt - v BM cos (mt 180o)

= 2v BM l cos mt = 2(rm) BM l cos mt = 2rlBM m cos t
eind = (2rl) BM m cos mt

B
l
c
edc
c-d
+
eind
+
b
rotor
eba
stator
BM
a-b
air-gap
Since 2rl is the area of

[Eq. 9]
the coil, that makes 2rl BM eind = m cos mt
where = 2rlBM and m is the
the maximum flux
generator shaft angular velocity.
passing through the coil.

B
l
c
edc
c-d
+
eind
+
b
rotor
eba
stator
BM
a-b
a
v
If the coil has Nc turns;

eind = Nc m cos mt
[Eq. 10]
air-gap

If three coils, each with Nc
turns are placed around the
rotor magnetic field, then
the voltages induced in each
of them will be the same but
differ by 120o.
a
b
eaa (t) = Nc m cos mt
BM
ebb (t) = Nc m cos (mt 120o)

ecc (t) = Nc m cos (mt
240o)
BM
stator
a
air gap
rotor
rotor is moving
in this direction

B()= BM cos (mt )

a
eaa (t)
eaa (t) ebb (t) ecc (t)
a
c
ecc (t)
c
b e (t)
bb
b
120 e
deg
120 e
deg

RMS Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
Emax = Nc m = 2 Nc f [Eq. 11]
a
b
(for any coil or phase)
E RMS
Em ax 2N C f
2
2
ERMS 2NC f (for any phase)
Since = 2rlBM;
[Eq. 12]
ERMS 2 2rlBM NC f [Eq. 13]
BM
Note that f is the output frequency of the generator when

number of poles P = 2. For P > 2
Emax = Nc m = 4 Nc f /P

ERMS< 0O
ERMS < -120O

ERMS< -240O
ERMS< 0O
ERMS<
-240O
ERMS < -120O
Y (or wye) connected stator coils
EP< 0O
EP<
-240O
EP < -120O
Y connected stator coils

(EP stands for phase voltage)

A
EP< 0O
VAB
B
EP< -240O
VCA
EP < -120O
VBC
C
Y connected stator coils
Voltages VAB, VBC, and VCA are called line voltages.

The RMS value of each line voltages is equal to the square
root of 3 times the phase voltage EP.
VAB VBC VCA 3EP
(RMS only)

A
VAB
EP<
EP < -120O
0O
VCA
VBC
EP< -240O
(or delta) connected stator coils
The RMS value of each line voltages are equal to the RMS
voltage of the phase, EP.
VAB VBC VCA EP
(RMS only)
Illustrative Problem 2
The following information is known about the simple two-pole
generator shown below. The peak flux density of the rotor magnetic
field is 0.2 T, and the mechanical rate of rotation of the shaft is 3600
rpm. The stator diameter of the
machine is 0.5 m, its coil length
a
is 0.3 m, and there are 15 turns
b
per coil. The machine is YBM
connected.
a) What are the three phase
voltages of the generator as

c
c
a function of time?
b) What is the RMS phase
voltage of this generator?
a
b
c) What is the RMS terminal
voltage of this generator?
Synchronous Generator Construction

In a synchronous generator, the field windings that produces
magnetic field is located on the rotor.
The rotor is then turned by a
a
prime mover at constant
b
angular speed thus producing
the rotating magnetic field
(RMF).
The RMF is cut by the stator
c
c
windings thus inducing voltage
on the stator windings.
b

The magnetic poles on the rotor can either be salient or nonsalient type.
Salient mean protruding or
a
sticking out and a salient pole
b
is a magnetic pole that sticks
out radially from the shaft of
the rotor.
A non-salient pole is a
c
c
magnetic pole with windings
rotor
embedded flush with the
surface of the rotor.
a
b
stator
A non-salient two pole rotor

synchronous generator

The magnetic poles on the rotor can either be salient or nonsalient type.
Salient mean protruding or
a
sticking out and a salient pole
b
is a magnetic pole that sticks
out radially from the shaft of
the rotor.
A non-salient pole is a
c
c
magnetic pole with windings
embedded flush with the
surface of the rotor.
a
b
Regardless of type, rotors are
stator
constructed with thin
laminations to reduce eddy
A salient two pole rotor
current losses.
synchronous generator

To create the required magnetic field, rotor windings (or field
windings) are supplied with DC power that can be obtained from
either of two ways;
1) External DC power by means of slip rings and brushes.
2) DC power system mounted directly on the shaft of the
synchronous generator. This is called a brushless exciter.
A brushless exciter is a small AC generator with its field circuit
mounted on the stator and its armature circuit mounted on the
rotor shaft.
The 3-phase output of the exciter generator is then fed into the
main DC field circuit of the synchronous generator.

Synchronous
generator
Exciter
Main field (rotor)
3-phase power
(low current)
3-phase
rectifier
3- phase
rectifier
3-phase output
Stator
Rotor
Exciter armature
RF
Exciter field
Main armature
(stator)
A brushless exciter circuit

Synchronous
generator
Exciter
Exciter armature
3-phase output
3- phase
rectifier
Pilot exciter
armature
Main field (rotor)
3-phase
rectifier
Permanent
Magnets
Stator
Rotor
Pilot exciter field
RF
Exciter field
Main armature
(stator)
A brushless exciter circuit with pilot exciter
Synchronous Generator Speed of Rotation

Synchronous generators are so called because the
electrical frequency of the generated voltage is locked or
synchronized with the mechanical rate of the rotation of
the generator.
nP
f
120
where
f = electrical frequency, Hz.

n = mechanical speed of the magnetic field, r/min
(equals speed of rotor for synchronous
generator)
P = number of poles.
Since electrical power has a fixed frequency (50 or 60
Hz), that means the speed the prime mover that turns the
rotor must be constant.
Synchronous Generator Prime Movers

High-speed prime movers (1200 rmp or more):
1) Steam turbines
2) Gas turnbines
Synchronous Generator Prime Movers

Low-speed prime
movers (< 1200 rpm):
1) Water or hydoelectric
2) Wind turbines
3) Electric motors
4) Internal combustion
engines
Assignment
At a location in Europe, it is necessary to supply 1000 kW
of 60-Hz power. The only power sources available operate
at 50 Hz. It is decided to generate the power by means of
a motor-generator set consisting of a synchronous motor
driving a synchronous generator. How may poles should
each of the two machines have in order to convert 50-Hz
power to 60-Hz power?
Internal Generated Voltage of a

Synchronous Generator
The internal generated voltage of the synchronous

generator for each phase is given by,
where
NC
EA
[Eq. 13]
= 2rlBM , Wb
= mechanical speed of the rotor, rad/sec

NC = number of turns per phase
This can be rewritten as,
E A K
where K
[Eq. 14]
NC
is the machine constant .
2
Illustrative Problem 3
A 60-Hz, 4-pole synchronous generator has a rotor peak
flux density of 0.2 T. The stator diameter of the machine
is 0.5 m, its coil length is 0.3 m, and there are 20 turns
per coil. Find the mechanical speed required of the rotor
and the generated voltage on each phase.
END OF SESSION

Induced Voltage in A Three Phase Generator V

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EE 108

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

A salient-type rotor with single coil

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Stator with Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Stator with Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Magnetic Field produced by Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Magnetic Field produced by Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

When the rotor is moving at angular velocity of m, the magnetic flux

Magnetic Field produced by Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Magnetic Field produced by Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Magnetic Field produced by Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Magnetic Field produced by Rotor

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

The stator coil

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Air-gap flux density:

Flux density distribution around the air-gap at t = 0

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Since the coil is cutting the

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

eab in segment ab:

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

edc in segment dc:

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

ebc and eda :

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

eind = edc + eba = v BM cos mt - v BM cos (mt 180o)

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Since 2rl is the area of

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

If the coil has Nc turns;

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

eaa (t) = Nc m cos mt

ebb (t) = Nc m cos (mt 120o)

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Air-gap flux density:

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

eaa (t) ebb (t) ecc (t)

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

(for any coil or phase)

ERMS 2NC f (for any phase)

Note that f is the output frequency of the generator when

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

ERMS < -120O

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

ERMS < -120O

Y (or wye) connected stator coils

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Y connected stator coils

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

Y connected stator coils

Voltages VAB, VBC, and VCA are called line voltages.

VAB VBC VCA 3EP

Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator

(or delta) connected stator coils