PT NEXWAVE 2012

Overview

Digital System Communication, replacing 1st Generation Analog System

Communication.
Originally created by Europe Telecommunication Group (Groupe Spciale
Mobile), after being used globally, now named as Global System for
Mobile Communications)
Originally used 900MHz band
2nd Generation cellular mobile system innovated in Europe by ETSI
(European Telecommunications Standardization Institute).
It is now a family name for cellular mobile systems including 2.5G,
3G, and 4G systems
Efficient Use of the Spectrum (using FDMA & TDMA).
Speech privacy and security.
Better resistance to interference (Introducing the frequency Hopping)
Efficient use of the power battery (Introducing the power control)

Duplex Communication two way

communication between two points

simultaneously.
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
Separate Uplink and Downlink
transmission by Frequency difference
TDD (Time Division Duplex)
Separate Uplink and Downlink
transmission by Time Difference

Frequency Spectrum

Range (MHz)
UL & DL

Frequency Number Available

Absolute Radio Frequency Carrier

Number (ARFCN) DL

GSM 450

450.4 - 457.6
460.4 - 467.6

259 n 293

ARFCN (n) = 460.6 + 0.2(n-259)

GSM 480

478.8 - 486
488.8 - 496

306 n 340

ARFCN (n) = 489 + 0.2(n-306)

GSM 850

824 - 849
869 - 894

128 n 251

ARFCN (n) = 869.2 + 0.2(n-128)

P-GSM 900

890 - 915
935 - 960

0 n 124

ARFCN (n) = 935 + 0.2n

880 - 915
925 - 960
876 - 915
921 - 960

0 n 124
975 n 1023
0 n 124
955 n 1023

ARFCN (n) = 935 + 0.2n

ARFCN (n) = 935 + 0.2(n-1024)
ARFCN (n) = 935 + 0.2n
ARFCN (n) = 935 + 0.2(n-1024)

1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880

512 n 885

ARFCN (n) = 1805.2 + 0.2(n-512)

512 n 810

ARFCN (n) = 1930.2 + 0.2(n-512)

2937 n 3088

ARFCN (n) = [(n) / 5] + 340

E-GSM 900
R-GSM 900
DCS 1800
PCS 1900
WCDMA 900

1850 - 1910
1930 - 1990
880 - 915
925 - 960

WCDMA 2100

1920 - 1980
2110 - 2170

10562 n 10838

ARFCN (n) = (n) / 5

WCDMA 2600

2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690

2237 n 2563

ARFCN (n) = [(n) / 5] + 2175

2G is Frequency Resource Limited

The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in
different places
The quality of communication must be ensured

Power

1 UE 1

2 UE 2

3 UE 3

4 UE 4

multiple access method allows several users connected

to the same multi-point transmission medium to
transmit over it and to share its capacity

TDMA
-Time Division
Multiple Access2G e.g. GSM,
PDC

OFDMA
-Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Multiple
Accesse.g. LTE

5
4

3
4

5
2

12

2
4

5 UE 5

FDMA
-Frequency
Division
Multiple Access1G e.g. AMPS,
NMT, TACS

CDMA
-Code Division
Multiple Access3G e.g. UMTS,
CDMA2000

5
4
3
2
1

Frequency

Multiple Access (2G): FDMA & TDMA

FDMA ( Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Each MS is assigned a dedicated frequency through which he can talk

Downlink 935 960 MHz

Uplink 890 915 MHz

200 KHz
890.2

890
1

890.6
3

Uplink

121
121 122 123 124
915

890.4

935.2
2

935

935.6
3

Downlink

F (MHz)

121 122 123 124

121

960

935.4

F (MHz)

GSM 900 Frequency Allocation

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

All MSs are using the same frequency but each of them will be utilizing it only over
a certain period of time called Time Slot (TS)

200 KHz
121
121

122 123 124

915
121
121

F (MHz)

122 123 124

960

F (MHz)

TS0

TS1

TS2

TS3

TS4

TS5

TS6

TS7

Idle Mode
It is a condition when MS is powered ON but does not have a dedicated channel allocated to
it.

Dedicated Mode
It is a condition when MS doing a call (have a dedicated channel allocated on it).

Cell Selection
It is a process when MS doing synchronization and registration to a network for the first time
until MS can fully using service (MS Power ON or MS roams from one network to another)
Using BCCH to synchronize frequency, time and others.

Cell Re-Selection
It is a process when MS choosing and camped to a new cell at Idle Mode.

Handover
It is a process when MS choosing and moving to a new cell on Dedicated Mode.

Paging
It is a broadcast message from a network to locate the exact location of a subscriber.

Location Update
It is a process when MS doing update database to NSS due to moving into a new Location
Area Code (LAC)

2G GSM Channel

1 Time Slot = 1 Burst

TDMA Frame merupakan 8 Time Slot berurutan.

Multiframe merupakan kumpulan dari beberapa TDMA
Frame, dimana:
- Untuk Traffic Channel (TCH), satu Multiframe terdiri
dari 26 TDMA Frame
- Untuk Control/Signalling Channel, satu Multiframe
terdiri dari 51 TDMA Frame

Note:

Multiframe
Superframe
Hyperframe

Continuous

= 26/51 TDMA Frame

= 26/51 Multiframe
= 2028 Superframe

Physical Channels vs. Logical Channels

Physical channel: Time slot is called the physical channel.
Logical channel: It is the content that will be sent over the physical
channel.

Architecture and Network

Identifier

BSS (Base Station Sub-system) consist of:

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

- a set of equipment for transmitting and

receiving signal from MS to BTS

BSC (Base Station Controller)

- It control multiple BTS to maintain service of

2G network
PCU (Packet Control Unit)
- It processed PS traffic from user and sends
them to GPRS networks
NSS (Network Switching Sub-system) consist of:

MSC (Mobile Switching Controller)

GMSC (Gateway MSC)
HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
AuC (Authentication Center)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
Note:
Between BSC and MSC, theres an equipment named
TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit).
This unit convert data rate from BSS network (16 kbps)
to NSS Network (64 kbps)
Interface between BSC and TRAU called Ater, and
interface between TRAU and MSC called A-interface

GPRS Core Network consist of:

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

NSS (Network Switching Sub-system)

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

GMSC (Gateway MSC)

Consist of all subscriber database at serving MSC that is needed for call handling
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS

AuC (Authentication Center)

is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber (SIM identifier/IMSI,
MSISDN/telephone number) that is authorized to use the GSM core network
Give location information of subscriber (LAC-CI)

VLR (Visitor Location Register)

All mobile to mobile calls (different MSC) and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC.

HLR (Home Location Register)

is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently located at.
It also interfaces with the PSTN.

It contains database to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the GSM core network
(Power ON)

EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network
or being monitored.
Designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones

GPRS Core Network PART:

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) , responsible for the delivery of data packets

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) , responsible for the interworking between

from and to the MS within its service area, also include packet routing and
transfer, mobility management (attach/detach and location management),
logical link management, and authentication and charging functions.

the GPRS network and external packet switched networks, like the Internet
networks

For every element in GSM Network can communicate each other, they need unique
identifier for each element, such as:

LAI (Location Area Identity)

Uniquely International Code for Location Area.
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
-

MCC (Mobile Country Code)

Consist of 3 digits Decimal, identifies country number, e.g. Indonesia (510), Japan (440), China
(460)
MNC (Mobile Network Code)
Consist of 2 digits Decimal, identifies network code at specified country, e.g. In Indonesia (TSEL:
10, ISAT: 01, XL: 11, IM3: 21, Three: 89, Axis: 08 )
MCC+MNC that we called PLMN (operator)
LAC (Location Area Code)
Consist of 2 bytes Hexadecimal (0000 and FFFF cant be used), identifies specific BTS location at
GSM Network

Example: 510-89-293D

CGI (Cell Global Identification)

Uniquely International Code for a cell.
Also contains of BTS cell identity for Handover and paging purpose.
CGI = LAI + CI
CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
-

CI (Cell Identity)
Consist of 2 bytes Hexadecimal, identifies cell number of BTS in one LAI

Example: 510-89-293D-110A

BSIC (Base Station Identification Color code)

Uniquely identifies signal from certain BTS.
BSIC is needed because of use frequency re-use in GSM network.
BSIC = NCC + BCC
-

NCC (PLMN Network Color Code)

Consist of 3 bits (000-111) or in Decimal: 0-7, use to identifies different BTS in the same network
(PLMN/operator)
BCC (Base station Color Code)
Consist of 3 bits (000-111) or in Decimal: 0-7, use to identifies different BTS using the same
frequency.

MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number)

The real telephone number of a mobile station.
BSIC = NCC + BCC
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
-

CC (Country Code)
Unique code for each country in the world.
Example: Indonesia (62), UK (44), China (86)
NDC (National Destination Code)
Unique code for an area in every operator in one country.
Example: Jakarta Area: Telkomsel (8121, 8131); Three (8990, 8965)
SN (subscriber Number)
The real number for subscriber.

MSISDN example: 62 8990 999199

(CC) (NDC) (SN)

IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity)

Unique International Serial Number for every mobile phones.

IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

Unique identity code for every GSM subscriber.
Stored at SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card and HLR.
IMSI = MMC + MNC + MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identification Number)

IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

Temporary identity at VLR In which MS currently camped.
Used to access subscriber database and tracking subscriber location.