of cells and some in cellular mitochondria Small molecules from digestion are further oxidized during this stage Primary products include twocarbon acetyl units and the reduced coenzyme NADH.
Occurs inside the mitochondria
Acetyl groups are oxidized to produce CO2 and energy CO2 that is exhaled as part of the breathing process comes primarily from this stage
Occurs inside the mitochondria
NADH and FADH2 supply the fuel needed for the production of ATP molecules, the primary energy carriers in metabolic pathways Molecular O2, inhaled in breathing, is converted to H2O in this stage
Common Metabolic Pathway
Sum total of the biochemical reactions of
the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation
The series of biochemical reactions in
which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzyme FADH2 and NADH are produced.
Named after its discoverer by Hans Adolf
Krebs, and as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, in reference to the three carboxylate groups present in citric acid cycle.
Oxidation produces NADH or FADH2
Decarboxylation carbon chain is shortened by the removal of a carbon atom as a CO2 molecule
Acetyl CoA, which carries the
two-carbon degration product of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, enter the cycle by combining with the four-carbon keto dicarboxylate species oxaloacetate.
This results in the transfer of the
acetyl group from coenzyme A to oxaloacetate, producing the C6 citrate species and free coenzyme A.
Citrate is converted to its less
symmetrical isomer isocitrate in an isomeration process that involves a dehydration followed by hydration, both catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase. The net result of these reaction is that the OH group from citrate is moved to a different carbon atom.
This step involves oxidation-reduction
and decarboxylation. The reactants are a NAD+ molecules and isocitrate. The reaction, catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase, is complex.
Isocitrate is oxidized to a ketone
OXALOSUCCINATE
One hydrogen and two electrons are
transferred to NAD+ to form NADH; the remaining hydrogen ion (H+) is released.
The oxalosuccinate remains bound to
enzyme and undergoes decarboxylation (loses CO2), which produces the C5 -ketoglutarate (a keto dicarboxylate species).
This second redox reaction of
the cycle involves one molecule each of NAD+ , CoA-SH, and ketoglutarate. The catalyst is a three-enzyme system called the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
Two reactant molecules are involved
in this step a Pi (HPO4 2-) and a GDP (similar to ADP). The entire reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme succinylCoA synthetase. For the purposes of understanding the structural changes that occur, the reaction can be considered to occur in two steps.
In the first step, succinyl CoA is
converted to succinyl phosphate ( a high-energy phosphate compound); CoA-SH is a product of this change. The phosphoryl group present in succinyl phosphate is then transferred to GDP; the products of this change are GTP and succinate.
This is the third redox reaction of the
cycle. The enzyme involved is succinate dehydrogenase, and the oxidizing agent is FAD rather than NAD+. Two hydrogen atoms are removed from the succinate to produce fumarate, a C4 species with a trans double bond. FAD is reduced to FADH2 in the process.
The enzyme fumarase
catalyzes the addition of water to the double bond of fumarate. The enzyme is stereospecific, so only the L isomer of the product malate is produced.
In the fourth oxidation-reduction reaction
of the cycle, a molecule of NAD+ reacts with malate, picking up two hydrogen atoms with their associated energy to form NADH + H+. The needed enzyme is malate dehydrogenase. The product of this reaction is regenerated oxaloacetate, which can combine with another molecule of acetyl CoA, and the cycle begin again.
TO HELP BETTER UNDERSTAND
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE THE VIDEO WILL EXPLAIN STEP BY STEP THE CITRIC CID CYCLE. IT WILL EXPLAIN EVERY REACTION THAT TOOK PLACE IN EVERY STEP.