HI-REL ELECTRONICS PVT.

LTD
Internal guide H.L.Judal Sir (Asst . Professor)
External GuideRakeshbhai . Prajapati (Asst. Manager)

CHAPTER 1
COMPANY
BACKGROUND
Introducing

Hi-Rel

Introducing

of UPS

Working

and principle of UPS

Introducion Hi-Rel

Incorporated in 1983,Hi-Rel Electronics Limited, is a leading

solution provider in the fields of Industrial Automation Solution , Rotating
Machine Controls , Power Controllers, Uninterruptible Power Supply and
Power Conditioning products.

Introduction

of UPS

Most of the people take the main AC supply for granted and use it almost
casually without giving the slightest through to its Inherent defects and danger
posed to sophisticated and sensitive electronic instruments.
For ordinary household applications such as lamps, fans, tubes television, the
main AC supply doesnt make much of difference, but used for computers,
medical equipment and telecommunication system, a clean, stable and
interruption free power supply is of outmost importance.
In order to project a sensitive system from various power related problems, an
alternative power source is required that can switch in top operation
immediately when disruption occur. An UPS is just as alternative source.

Security alarm auto dialer

using microcontroller
Application:- Home Security ,Shop Security
Reference:-www.keil.com

What is UPS?
An Uninterruptible Power Supply is a device that sits between a power
supply and a device prevent undesired feature of the power source from the
supply from adversely affecting the performance of the device.
The fundamental purpose of a UPS is to provide continuous source of power
for the equipment it protects.
UPS come in many different sizes and shapes. The sizes of the UPS is
primarily dictated by the size of the battery; the larger the battery, the more
time equipment can run on battery power before shutting down. Larger units
not only can power equipment for more units , they can also handle a larger
total demand of power.
UPS Topology

There are basically 3 types of UPS topology:

OFF Line UPS
Line Interactive UPS
ON Line UPS

OFF Line UPS

The off line UPS had been resulted to provide a smaller and lighter
UPS which is also more affordable. The off line UPS has the utility
power line as priority power source where the inverter is only an offline standby power. This means that the critical load will receive
power from utility directly all the times except when power failure
occurs.

The

inverter will then supply the power to load. The main

difference between online UPS and an offline UPS is that the
inverter in an off-line UPS does not supply the load most of
the times and also the existence of the change over switch in
the off-line UPS.

off-line UPS has advantage of The smaller size and lighter weight and
more affordable price.

 The line interactive UPS is basically very much like the off-line UPS
where the utility power supplies the critical load directly during the
normal operation. In a line interactive system, the utility power will go
through 1 to 2 stages of filter aimed at trying to filter off some .
The voltage regulator is incorporated to regulate the output voltage
during normal operation. This also result in much wider input operating
window of voltage , typically -30 % to +10 % of the nominal voltage
making the Line-Interactive UPS more suitable for location where undervoltage problem is persistent.

ON Line UPS:

On -line UPS also sometimes called Double Conversion UPS. AC

power from the utility supply is fed into the rectifier / charger in to
DC. This DC will maintain the charge on the battery and at the same
time supply DC power to the inverter. The inverter will then invert
the DC source to become an AC supply for the critical load.

During a power failure, the DC power will be drawn from the

battery bank for un-interruptible supply to load . When AC power is
restored, the rectifier will then charge the battery and continue to supply
energy for the inverter which powers the load.

Working principle of UPS

The five blocks. Each block is referred module. The principle
of operation of can be explained by basic block diagram of the UPS is
shown in figure. It mainly consists of considering each block individually
namely.
Main Distribution module
Auxiliary module
UPS module
Output Distribution module

Main Distribution module

It distributes main and / or generates power to the required facility and

also act as input supply for the UPS. This supply can be either single
phase of three phase depending upon the type of UPS being used.

Auxiliary module

It precise terms an auxiliary module is nothing but a

voltage stabilizer which is connected to alternator main (
mainly generator). It help in the system operation when
the inverter fails of it some work has to be carried out
on the UPS itself . The installation of the auxiliary
module is to ensure a trouble free AC supply when
during the failure of UPS . The voltage stabilizer is in
the form of a static type of servo type mechanism.

UPS

module

There are the heart of the UPS system and consist of the following
components.
Rectifier / charger
Inverter
Battery
Static switch
Manual bypass switch

Rectifier charger
Incoming AC supply is converted to DC through phase controlled
rectifier. The rectifiers operate according to the constant voltage current
limiting principle and shall incorporate a Soft Start feature to gradually
accept load on initial energizing. The rectifier section of the UPS system
is capable of precise regulation to prevent damage battery.

Inverter
This section converts the D.C. power to regulated A.C. The inverter
employed is of the PWM (Pulse Width Modulated ) type.
IGBTS are used to switch the DC supply at frequency 6 KHz to 12
KHz depending upon the rating. By switching the train of pulse through
one IGBT bridge circuit and alternatively through second IGBT circuit at
the required output frequency , the output sine wave build-up.

Switching pulse are slightly longer near the center of the outgoing
waveform then the cross-over point. By varying the pulse width in this
way the output sine wave can be controlled very accurately. The
advantages in size, response time and efficiency