EGEE 102 Energy Conservation

And Environmental Protection

Appliances

Energy Consumption for

Appliances (1997)
1192 Billion kWh total residential
use
134 Billion kWh for refrigerators
($12.14 Billion)
549 Billion kWh for other
appliances and lighting (48.44)

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WaterHeater $288.00
Freezer/Frostless$136.80
Refrigerator
$118.80
Waterbed
$86.40
HouseLighting $72.00
ClothesDryer $59.76
ElectricRange $45.36
Dishwasher
$23.04
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Energy Guides
EnergyGuide labels be placed on all new
refrigerators, freezers, water heaters,
dishwashers, clothes washers,
room air conditioners, heat pumps,
furnaces, and boilers.
EnergyGuide labels show the estimated
yearly electricity consumption to
operate the product along with a scale
for comparison among similar products
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Energy Guide
What is it ?
How to use it?
See class
worksheet

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Water Heaters
Water heating is the third
largest energy expense in
your home. It typically
accounts for about 14% of
your utility bill.
A family of four, each
showering for 5 minutes a
day, uses 700 gallons of
water a week; this is enough
for a 3-year supply of drinking
water for one person.
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Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is proportional to the
temperature difference
I.e. 120F 50 F (ambient
temperature)
Whether we use water or not heat
is continuously flowing from the
pipes to the room
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Energy Required to heat

Water
Q= m x Cp x (Temperature
Difference)

M= mass
Cp= Heat capacity (1 Btu/lb.F)
700 gal/wk x 8.3 lb/gal x (120-56)
=371840 Btus
=109 kWh/wk or 5667 kWh per year
$385
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Storage Tank Water

Heaters
When you turn on
a hot water faucet
or use hot water
in a dishwasher or
clothes washer,
water pipes draw
hot water from
the tank.
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Electric vs. Gas

Electric water heaters are generally
less expensive to install than gasfired types because they don't
require venting. But unless you live
in a region where electricity is
unusually affordable, an electric
water heater can be significantly
more expensive to operate.
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Energy Savings-Water
Heaters
REDUCE WATER TEMPERATURE

Recall that heat flow is a function

of T

If T = 100F, this is adequate for

clothes washing and bathing.
T = 100F may be too low for
satisfactory operation of some
dishwashers. (But some new models
of dishwashers may supply auxiliary
heat to the water.)
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Energy Saving-Water
Heaters

INSULATE WATER TANK (AND

HOT WATER PIPES)
Substantial saving in monthly
energy bill by double layer of
fiberglass insulation on water
tank.
The heat loss from the water tank
contributes to space heating ?!
Depends on design of home and
location of water tank.
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Energy Savings - Water

Heaters
REDUCE CONSUMPTION
Flow restricting heads for showers,
sinks
Shut off water heater at certain
times

AUXILIARY SOURCES OF HOT WATER

Sometimes one can install a heat
exchanger in flue of furnace or
auxiliary wood burner
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On-Demand Water
Heaters

Hot water never runs out (low demand)

Will not leak or rupture
Reduce water heating costs as much as 20-30%
Heats only the water you use, at the
temperature you desire Cold water is not
required to regulate temperature
Maintains its 99.5% efficiency throughout its
lifespan
Average lifespan is 20 years vs. a 10 year
lifespan for a standard tank heater Scaling and
rusting will not occur Hot water, forever!
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Operating Principle

EGEE 102 - Pisupati

http://www.e-tankless.com/products.php

One of the most

powerful electric
tankless water
heaters on the
market,
this 22KW, four
element water heater
is configured for cold
climates
where the incoming
water temperature
can drop below 50 F.
15

Type of Solar Water

Heaters
Active Systems
Open-Loop Active Systems
Closed-Loop Active Systems

Passive Systems
Thermo-Siphon Systems
Batch Heaters
Heart of all solar heating systems: SOLAR COLECTOR!!!
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Solar Collectors
flat-plate,
evacuated-tube and
concentrating.

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Evacuated Tube
Collector

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Factors for sizing a

Solar Collector
Your local annual average solar insolation level.
Average daily hot water usage volume
Daily hot water usage pattern (mostly
mornings, mostly evenings)
Average mains water temperature
Annually/daily shade patterns
Angle/direction of installation (a less than ideal
angle will reduce efficiency)
Installation site (Do you have enough room for
2+ collectors?)
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Solar Water Heater

A thermosyphon-type
solar water heater has an
insulated water storage
tank mounted above flat
plate solar collectors
The collectors transfer
heat from the sun to an
antifreeze collector fluid.
Whenever hot water is
used, solar heated water
is drawn from the
storage tank into the
electric water heater
Is this active or passive system?
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http://energyoutlet.com/res/waterheat/thermosyphon.gif

Solar Heating
http://www.focussolar.com/index.ht
m
http://www.focussolar.com/insolati
on.htm

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http://www.warmwater.com/eco.htm

Refrigerator
Heat Mover
COP

High Temperature Reservoir

Work

Low temperature Reservoir

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Components of a
Refrigerator
There are five basic parts to any refrigerator
Compressor
Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or
coiled set of pipes outside the unit
Expansion valve
Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or
coiled set of pipes inside the unit
Refrigerant - liquid that evaporates inside the
refrigerator to create the cold temperatures

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How a Refrigerator
Works?
The compressor compresses the
ammonia gas. The compressed gas
heats up as it is pressurized .
The coils on the back of the refrigerator
let the hot ammonia gas dissipate its
heat. The ammonia gas condenses into
ammonia liquid at high pressure.
The high-pressure ammonia liquid flows
through the expansion valve.
The liquid ammonia immediately boils
and vaporizes (light blue), its
temperature dropping to -27 F. This
makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.
The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by
the compressor, and the cycle repeats.
Ammonia boils at -27F
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Gas and Propane

Refrigerator

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Energy Efficiency
Federal efficiency standards took effect
in 1993, requiring new refrigerators to
be more efficient than ever before.
The energy bill for a typical new
refrigerator with automatic defrost and
top-mounted freezer will be about
$55/year, whereas a typical model sold
in 1973 will cost nearly $160/year.
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Why Buy An Energy

Efficient Refrigerator?
Uses the most electricity of all your kitchen
appliances and accounts for as much as 15
percent of a home's total energy usage.
A typical refrigerator costs about $1,140 to
operate over its lifetime.
Refrigerators made to meet the latest DOE
standards (which will take effect in 2001) will
cut consumers' energy costs by 30 percent
compared to the previous (1993) standards.

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Side-by-side
Consumes more
energy

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Top Mounted Type

More efficientconsumes less
energy (13%)
than side by side
design

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Efficiency of a
Refrigerator
The efficiency of a refrigerator is
expressed in "volume cooled per
unit electric energy per day."
Volume is measured in cubic feet
and electrical energy is measured
in kilowatthours

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Efficiency of an Average
Refrigerator in the United
EGEE New
102 - Pisupati
31 St
ates

Technology
improvements
addition of vacuum insulation panels
around freezer section to reduce heat
transfer,
addition of polyurethane foam to the
doors to double insulation thickness,
replacement of AC motors with more
efficient DC motors, and
replacement of automatic defrost
control with an adaptive defrost that
operates only when needed
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Fridge of the Future

uses half as much
energy as today's
refrigeratorfreezers (RFs) and
one-fifth as much
as 1972 models:
the 1 kilowatthour per day
refrigerator.
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http://www.ornl.gov/ORNL/BTC/adv-rf-tech.htm

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Energy Savings
Cuts power consumption to 0.93
kWh/day, a performance that
exceeds the 2001 energy standard
and that would save $6.5 billion
annually if all the 125 million RFs
in the U.S. operated as efficiently

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Good Operating
Practices
Don't put the refrigerator near a heat source - an
oven, the dishwasher or direct sunlight from a
window.
Make sure air can circulate around the condenser
coils. Leave a space between the wall or cabinets.
Keep your refrigerator's coils clean. Brushing or
vacuuming the coils can improve efficiency by as
much as 30 percent.
Check door seals to make sure they are airtight.
To test them, close the door on a dollar bill and
try to pull it out. If the dollar slides out easily, kiss
that dollar away because you're wasting energy
and money by letting cold air leak out!
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 Check the temperature - a fridge that is

10 degrees colder than necessary can
use 25 percent more energy.
Refrigerators should be kept between
35 and 38 degrees - freezers at 0
degrees Fahrenheit.
A full refrigerator retains cold better
than an empty one.
Open the door as little as possible. Get
in and out quickly.
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 Regularly defrost manual-defrost models.

Frost buildup increases the amount of
energy needed to keep the motor running.
Allow hot foods to cool before refrigerating
or freezing.
Get rid of that older, energy-hogging
second refrigerator in your garage! One
large refrigerator is cheaper to run than
two smaller ones.
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Clothes Washers
There are two designs:
top-loading
front-loading.

A typical household does nearly

400 loads of laundry per year,
using about 40 gallons of water per
full load with a conventional washer
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Why Energy Efficient

Models?
You could save as much as 7,000
gallons of water per year.
You are saving all the energy that
would have been needed to heat
that water.
This adds up to savings for you and
a big boost for the environment.
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How are they Energy

Efficient?

Top loading horizontal-axis or tumble-action

machines repeatedly lift and drop clothes,
instead of moving clothes around a central
axis.
Top-loading washers use sensor technology
to closely control the incoming water
temperature. To reduce water consumption,
they spray clothes with repeated highpressure rinses to remove soap residues
rather than soaking them in a full tub of
rinse water.
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Energy Star Washers

A full-size ENERGY STAR clothes washer
uses 20-25 gallons per load
Nearly 50 percent less water and 30%40% less energy used per load
Washer design causes less wear and tear
on clothes
Bulky items such as blankets fit easily in
the super capacity basket.
Better water extraction means less dryer
time, for further energy savings
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 washers are most efficient when

they are fully loaded

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Dishwashers- Features
Child-safety locks
Construction
materials
Cycles and
temperature settings
Energy use
Controls

Countdown timer
Clean light
Soil sensors
Delay-start

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Types of Dishwashers
Built in Type
Portable dishwashers

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Operation Principle

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Energy Efficiency

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Dish Washers
ENERGY STAR dishwashers save electricity
and hot water by using both improved
technology for the primary wash cycle, and
by using less hot water to clean.
Construction includes energy efficient
motors, and other advanced technology
such as sensors that determine the length
of the washing cycle and the temperature of
the water necessary to clean the dishes.
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