BATTERY

TECHNOLOGY

An electricbatteryis a device
consisting of one or
moreelectrochemical cellsthat
convert stored chemical energy
into electrical energy. Each cell
contains a positive terminal,
orcathode, and a negative
terminal,
oranode.Electrolytesallow ions
to move between the electrodes
and terminals, which allows
current to flow out of the battery
to perform work.

TYPES OF BATTERIES:

Primary batteries, can produce current immediately on

assembly. These are most commonly used in portable
devices that have low current drain, are used only
intermittently, or are used well away from an
alternative power source, such as in alarm and
communication circuits where other electric power is
only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells
cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical
reactions are not easily reversible and active materials
may not return to their original forms. Battery
manufacturers recommend against attempting to
recharge primary cells.
Secondary batteries
Secondary batteries, also known assecondary cells,
orrechargeable batteries, must be charged before first
use; they are usually assembled with active materials
in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries are
(re)charged by applying electric current, which
reverses the chemical reactions that occur during
discharge/use. Devices to supply the appropriate
current are called chargers.

DRY CELL

1. brass cap, 2. plastic seal, 3. expansion space, 4.

porous cardboard, 5. zinc can, 6. carbon rod, 7.
chemical mixture

storing the batteries at a low

temperature, as in arefrigerator
orfreezer, which slows the side
reactions. Such storage can
extend the life of alkaline
batteries by about 5%;
rechargeable batteries can hold
their charge much longer,
depending upon type.To reach
their maximum voltage, batteries
must be returned to room
temperature; discharging an
alkaline battery at 250 mA at 0C
is only half as efficient as at

BATTERIES:
Many types of batteries employ toxic
materials such as lead,mercury,
andcadmiumas an electrode or
electrolyte. When each battery
reaches end of life it must be
disposed of to prevent environmental
damage.Battery are one form
ofelectronic waste(e-waste).
E-wasterecyclingservices recover
toxic substances, which can then be
used for new batteries.
Of the nearly three billion batteries
purchased annually in the United
States, about 179,000 tons end up in

LI ION BATTERIES:
In Li-ion batteries, lithium ions
move from the anode to cathode
during discharge, and from cathode
to anode when charging. The
materials used for the anode and
cathode can dramatically affect a
number of aspects of the batterys
performance, including capacity.

A major contribution to miniature power

sources.
As a button cell it is well suited for hearing
aids, instruments, photographic
applications, electronic watches and other
low power devices.
Larger size Silver Zinc batteries are used in
submarines, missiles, underwater and
aerospace applications.
Silver Zinc secondary cells being promoted
as a safer alternative to Lithium cells. Plans
to mitigate the higher costs by implementing
a recycling programme.

Shortcomings
Uses expensive materials.
Lower energy density than zinc air.
Poor low temperature performance.
Limited cycle life.
Suffers from dissolving of the Zinc and
the formation of Zinc dendrites which
pierce the separator

Battery recycling:
Battery recycling is
arecyclingactivity that aims to
reduce the number ofbatteriesbeing
disposed asmunicipal solid waste.
Batteries contain a number ofheavy
metalsandtoxicchemicals; their
dumping has raised concern over risks
ofsoil contaminationandwater
pollution.