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INTRODUCTION

One picture
is worth
more than ten thousand words

Image & Video Data

Image:

Image refers to a two dimensional light intensity


function denoted by f(x,y) - x and y denote the
spatial co-ordinates.

The magnitude of f( ) at spatial co-ordinates (x,y)


gives the intensity of image at that point.

Color Image 3 samples per pixel


Intensity (Gray level image) 1 sample per pixel
Binary Image 1 sample per pixel

Image: Examples

Gray level Image

Coloured Image

Binary Image

What is Digital Image Processing

Processing of a picture or image by digital


computer
But computer processes only digital data.
So we need a digital image.

Obtaining a digital Image :


Continuous
Image

Sampling and
quantization

Digital
image

Sampling & Quantization

Digitization of the spatial co-ordinates (x,y)


is called image sampling.

The amplitude digitization is called graylevel quantization

The Digital Image

A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image as a


finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels

The Digital Image

Digitization implies that a digital image is an


approximation of a real scene

1 pixel

Sampling
256x256

64x64

Quantisation
256x256 256 levels

256x256 32 levels

Quantisation
256x256 256 levels

256x256 2 levels

A typical digital image processing sequence

object

Imaging
systems

Sample and
quantize

observe

digitize

Image Acquisition

Digital
storage
(disk)

store

Digital
computer

On-line
buffer

process

Refresh
/store

Processing

Display output

Record

Display/Storage/
Transmission

Image Acquisition

Images are generated by the combination of


an illumination source and the reflection or
absorption of energy from that source by the
elements of the scene being imaged.

eg. Visible light source illuminates a common everyday 3-D


scene.

To get a 2-D picture of the scene we can use a


camera which contains light sensors.

Image Acquisition Cont.

The reflected light from the scene being


imaged is focused by the camera lens.
Light falls on the sensing material (a CCD
array) and produces electrical signals
proportional to the light intensity
An A/D converter converts this signal to a
set of discrete numbers. (Gray level
quantization).

Image Acquisition Cont.

The illumination may originate from a source


of electromagnetic energy such as radar,
infrared, X-ray
Scene elements can be familiar objects or
may be a molecule, buried rock formations,
human brain
Depending on the nature of source,
illumination energy is reflected from or
transmitted through objects.

Digital Image Processing


Applications

Images depending on Source of energy:

Major sources of energy:

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Acoustic, Ultrasonic & Electronic
Artificial sources Computer generated images Synthetic images used for modeling &
visualization

DIP Applications

Gamma Ray Imaging:

Nuclear Medicine
Astronomical Observations

Typical Examples:

Inject a patient with a radioactive isotope that


emits gamma rays as it decays. Gamma ray
detectors capture the images
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Examples of gamma ray imaging

Bone Scan

PET Image

DIP Applications

X-ray Imaging:

Medical Diagonosis
Industrial Inspections
Astronomy

Typical Examples:

X-ray
Angiograms Injecting X-ray contrast medium
- Enhances the contrast of the blood vessels

DIP Applications

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)


good resolution, 3-D capability

Higher energy X-ray images examining


circuit boards for flaws in manufacturing
missing components, broken traces

Examples of X-ray imaging

Chest X-ray

Aortic Angiogram

Examples of X-ray imaging

Head CT

Circuit Boards

DIP Applications

Imaging in Ultraviolet Band:

Microscopy
Astronomy
Industrial Inspection

Typical Examples:

Fluorescent microscopy for studying materials


that can be made to fluoresce

Examples of ultraviolet imaging

Normal Corn

Smut Corn

DIP Applications

Imaging in Visible & Infrared Band:

Light Microscopy
Astronomy
Remote sensing
Industry
Law enforcement

Examples of infrared imaging

Typical Applications

Light Microscopy images micro inspection to


materials characterization

Cholesterol,
Nickel oxide
thin film

Examples of infrared imaging

Remote sensing Multispectral images


different images highlights different
information of the scene

Satellite image

Satellite image

Human operators are


expensive, slow and
unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries

Image processing techniques


are used extensively by law
enforcers
Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems
Fingerprint recognition
Face recognition

DIP Applications

Imaging in Microwave Band:

Radar Images to collect data over any region


at any time regardless of weather or ambient
lighting conditions.

Tibet
Mountains

DIP Applications

Imaging in radio band:

Medicine
Astronomy

Typical Applications:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI Images of human knee and spine

Examples of radio band imaging

MRI Images of human knee and spine

DIP Applications

Other imaging modalities:

Ultrasound Imaging
Electron Microscope

Examples

Fetus

Examples

Image of Tungsten Filament,


Damaged IC

Processing

Digital image processing focuses on two


major tasks

Improvement of pictorial information for


human interpretation
Processing of image data for storage &
transmission
Representation for autonomous machine
perception

Types of processing
Image Transforms
Image Enhancement
Image Restoration.
Image Compression
Image Segmentation

Image Transforms
Original Image

Fourier Transform
Amplitude
Phase

Image Enhancement

To process an image so that the result is more


suitable than the original image for a specific
application
Accentuate certain image features for
subsequent analysis or for image display.
Contrast enhancement, noise filtering,
sharpening, magnifying

Image Enhancement

Image Enhancement
Original Image

High Pass Filtering

Image Restoration

A class of methods that aim to remove or


reduce the degradations that were incurred
while the digital image being obtained.
The degradations can occur due to

Sensor noise
Blur due to camera misfocus
Relative object camera motion
Random atmospheric turbulence.

Distortion due to Camera Misfocus

Camera lens

Distortion due to motion

Camera lens

Distortion due to Random Noise


Original image

Distorted image

Image Restoration
Distorted Image

Restored Image

Image Compression

The

storage requirement for images are

high.
Reduce the number of bits requires to
represent an image.
By compressing an image we can reduce
the memory needed to store the image,
reduce the time required for transmission,
also reduction in bandwidth.

Other processing

Segmentation

Partition of an image into its constituent parts


or objects.
Involves feature selection/Identification and
feature extraction.

Representation & Description

Recognition and interpretation

APPLICATIONS

Agricultural (Fruit grading, harvest control,


seeding, fruit picking ...)
Communications (compression, video
conferencing, tele X, ...)
Character recognition (printed and handwritten)
Commercial (Bar code reading, bank cheques,
signature, ...)
Document processing (electronic circuits,
mechanical drawings, music, ...)

APPLICATIONS

Human (Heads and faces, hands, body, ...)


Industrial (Inspection, part pose estimation and
recognition, control,...)
Leisure and entertainment (museums, film industry,
photography,...)
Traffic and transport (Road, airport, seaport, license
identification, ...)
X application (remote sensing, astronomy, biology,
surveillance, ...)

APPLICATIONS

Medical (Xrays, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound,


intensity, ...)
Military (tracking, detection, ...)
Police (firgerprints, surveillance, DNA analysis,
biometry, ...)

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