CHAPTER11

Profiles

Profiles

Provideanoutlineofacrosssectionoftheearth.
Sectionviewprojectedfromtheplanview.
Usedtorepresentdifferencesinelevationanddescribe
geographicalfeatures.
Usedinavarietyofcivilengineeringprojects,including:

Roadgradelayout
Cutandfillcalculations
Pipelinelayouts
Siteexcavations
Damandreservoirlayout

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TraditionalProfileLeveling

Findingelevationusingalevel,tripod,anda
levelrod.
Surveyingtherouteofalinearfeaturesuchasa
road,highway,utilityline,railroad,orcanal.
Elevationsareidentifiedalongthecenterofthe
routeinreferencetostationpoints(similarto
gridsurvey).

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Profiles
END POINT OF LINE (B)

START POINT OF LINE (A)

VERTICAL SCALE

HORIZONTAL SCALE
SLOPE

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TraditionalProfileLeveling

Measurementsaretakenatthestationpoints
indicatedonthemap.

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TraditionalProfileLeveling

Profilelevelingfieldnotesincludethestation
valueandelevationateachstation.

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TraditionalProfileLeveling

Plottingtheprofile:
1.

Identifyahorizontalscale,anddrawverticalgridlinesateachpoint.

2.

Identifyaverticalscale,anddrawhorizontalgridlines.

3.
4.
5.

Thehorizontalscaleisdefinedbythestationpointsusedinthesurvey,suchas0+00,
0+50,1+00,etc.forstationsthatare50feetapart.
Theverticalscaleisoftenexaggeratedtoprovideaclearpictureoftheshapeoftheland.
Determinetheverticalscalebasedonthereliefofthemap,themapscale,andthepurpose
oftheprofile.

Plotelevationpointsateachstationpoint(verticalgridlines),basedonthe
elevationlistedinthefieldnotes.
Connectelevationpointswithasmoothcurve(spline).
Addhorizontalandverticalscaleinformation,andpatternthegroundthatis
crosssectioned(hatch)ifrequired.

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TraditionalProfileLeveling

Plottingtheprofile:

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PlanandProfile

Atypeofdrawingthatcontainsaplanviewof
acivilengineeringproject,andaprofileofthe
plan.

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PlanandProfile

Lightrailtracks:

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PlanandProfile

Undergroundutilities:

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ConstructingaProfile:
StraightSewerLineExample
1. Createtheplanlayout.SeeFigure116a.
2. Projectendpointsofthesewerlineintothenew
profilearea.Projectotherfeatures,suchas
maintenanceholes,intotheprofile.Create
verticalgridlinesbasedonthedistancerequired
betweenstationpoints.SeeFigure116b.

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ConstructingaProfile:
StraightSewerLineExample
3. Determinethelowestandhighestelevationsandthen
establishthebottomoutlineoftheprofile.Identifya
verticalscale,andaddhorizontalgridlines.SeeFigure
116c.

Theverticalscaleisoftenexaggeratedtoprovideaclear
pictureoftheshapeoftheland.
Determinetheverticalscalebasedonthereliefofthemap,
themapscale,andthepurposeoftheprofile.
Useascaleappropriateforthesheetsize,orusearatioof
10:1(ifthehorizontalscaleis1=50,theverticalscale
wouldbe1=5).

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ConstructingaProfile:
StraightSewerLineExample
4. Projectallelevationsrequiredatmanholes,
suchasgrade(GRD)andinvertelevation
(I.E.,bottominsideofpipe)tointersectthe
appropriateverticallineprojectedfromthe
plan.SeeFigure116d.Withintheprofile,
dotsindicatewheretheseelevationsapply.

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ConstructingaProfile:
StraightSewerLineExample
5. Drawlinesrepresentingfeaturessuchasthegrade
andthesewerline.SeeFigure116e.
6. Applysymbolsandlabelsasrequired(shown).

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ConstructingProfiles:
CurvedLines

Sameprocedureasconstructingaprofileusing
astraightline,exceptthecurvedline(cutting
plane)mustberedefinedasastraightline.

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ProfileTermsandSymbols

Certainstandardprofilesymbolsandtermsareused
frequently.
Standardsaresometimesmodifiedasneeded.
Fullstationpointspointsestablishedbysurveyors
every100ft.Thefirststationpointis00+00,then1+
00,2+00,andsoon.
MaintenanceholesareabbreviatedMH,followedbyan
assignednumber.
Invertelevation(I.E.)representsthebottominsideof
thepipe,andisalwaysfoundontheprofile.

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ProfileTermsandSymbols

Thedistancebetweenstationpointsandtheamountofslopeareoften
indicatedintheprofilejustabovethepipe.Thesizeofthepipeis
givenfirst,andthenthedistancebetweenmaintenanceholes,
followedbytheslopeinthiscase,verticaldropinfeettohorizontal
runperfoot.
Gradeanestablishedelevation,suchasroadgrade.Givenwiththe
manholenumberandstationvalueintheplanview.
Insomecases,theplanmaybelocatedtotheleftofthedrawing,
withtheprofileontheright.Theprofilealwaysappearsasastraight
lineorflatplane,buttheplanviewmayshowseveralturnsinthe
pipe.

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Chapter11Activities

Chapter11Test
Chapter11ProblemP112,P114.

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