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Input Signal

System

Output Signal

System operte on input signal to produce output signal

Input Signal

System

Output Signal

Input Signal

System

Output Signal

A signal is a set of information or data that can be modeled as


a function of one or more independent variables (e.g.tR)
Examples Speech, image, weather information, sales information, voltage in a circuit,
video, music, etc.
A system modifies signals or extracts information.
It can be considered a transformation that operates on a signal.
Examples : electronics, radio or TV, guidance system, communication system, etc.

Audio System

Transducer that convert


Audio intensity to electric signal
Example : The microphone

Visual System

Transducer that convert


light intensity to electric signal

Receiving

Transducer that convert


electric signal to light intensity

Transmitting

Temprture System
Transducer that convert
Temprture to electric signal
Temprture
Sensor

Pressure System

Input Signal

System

Types of Signals

1-Continuous-time signals
- Signal that has a value for all points in time
- Function of time
- Written as x(t) because the signal x is a function of

2- Discrete-Time Signals
- Signal that has a value for only specific points in time
- Function of the sample value, n
- Written as x[n]

Output Signal

Input Signal

System

Output Signal

System
- A collection of items that together performs a function
- Modifies / transforms an input to give an output

Represented by

T[ ]
Output Function y(t)
Input Function x(t)

Consider The following Input/Output relations

VR (t ) Ri (t )

1
VC (t )
C

i ( )d

VL (t ) L

di (t )
dt

We can think or consider i(t) as the input or excitation which is


usually known
We can think of VR(t), VC(t), VL(t) as the output or response

In general we can represent the simple relation between


the input and output as:
x(t )
Input

T[ ]

y(t )
Output

y(t) = T[ x(t) ]

Were T[ ] is an operator that map the function x(t) to


another function y(t) .( Function to Function mapping)

VR (t ) Ri (t )

VL (t ) L

1
VC (t )
C

di (t )
dt

i ( )d

TR [ ] = R[ ]

d
TL [ ] = L [ ]
dt

TC [ ]

[ ]dt '

Example

d
T[ ] = [ ]
Let the operator
Differential Operator
dt
Let the input x(t) = 2sin(4t) then the output y(t) be
d
y(t) = T[x(t)] = [2sin(4 t )] = 8cos(4 t )
dt
Function 2sin(4t)
mapped
Function 8cos(4t)

x(t )
Input

H[ ]

y(t )
Output

H[ ]
Output Function space
y(t)
Input Function space
x(t)

Note operator map function x(t) to another function y(t)


In comparison to functions , it maps Domain (numbers)
to Range (domain)

Input

Input
Output

x (t ) Ri V c (t )

dV c (t )
i (t ) C
dt

dV c (t )
x (t ) RC
V c (t )
dt

The operator or relation T can be defined as


- Linear / Non linear
- Time Invariant / Time Variant
- Continuous-Time / Discrete-Time
- Causal / Non Causal

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