Vit Ting Anh Hc Thut

T chc lp vit bo khoa hc Y khoa ng trn tp

ch quc t (3)
Radiotechnology

Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng ting
Anh

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw

Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t

mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc

tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative

specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research

problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin

cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to

achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng

m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and

practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

V d 1: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Radiation exposure increases the
risk of cancer among the general population, as evidenced by medical
radiation or radiation-contaminated environments such as 60Co
contaminated buildings, nuclear power plants, professional use of
radiation and radioactive substances. Given the complexity of radiation
exposure in Taiwan, more thoroughly understanding irradiation safetyrelated issues is of priority concern.
Vn nghin cu Despite the use of radiation dosimetery for acute
high dose exposure as an effective means of estimating the exposure
for individuals chronically exposed to ionizing radiation over a
protracted period, dose reconstruction for individuals with previous longterm and low dose-rate radiation exposure has seldom been examined,
especially when attempting to assess ionization radiation in order to
define low dose rate exposures.

V d 1 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu Exposure to
high dosages of ionizing radiation may increase the incident rate of
various cancers. For instance, more than 200 buildings constructed in
Taiwan since 1982 were found to contain cobalt-60 contaminated steel.
The rate at which individuals receive long-term and low dose-rate
radiation exposure ranges from 0.50 to 500.00 uSv/hour, while the
background dose rates in most buildings in Taiwan range from around
0.08 to 0.10uSv. Exposure to a low dose of ionizing radiation over an
extended period of time leads to chronic illnesses.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu While possibly damaging
DNA and creating errors in DNA transcription, ionizing radiation may
also directly induce the death of cells or cause gene mutation,
subsequently increasing the incidence rate of cancer. The lack of an
effective low dose rate assessment strategy for radiation-contaminated
buildings, nuclear power plants, professional use of radiation and
radioactive substances) poses a major health threat to the general
public.

V d 1 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should develop a low level dose mode
method, capable of accurately predicting the radiation dosage levels in the surrounding
environment of a nuclear power plant that could potentially harm humans.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, radiation dosage
distribution and adverse health impact on neighboring residents can be estimated using
the physics dose mode method with simplified calculations of the mean and standard
deviation. Biological dose models can then be used to relate the location and biological
effects to the controlled exposure factor levels. Next, an optimal combination of process
parameters can be obtained using the estimated risk dosage method.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, the proposed low level dose mode method can analyze
the dosage levels of radiation among neighboring residents of a nearby nuclear power
plant. Analysis results of dosage levels inform residents of the health impact of low level
radiation, hopefully leading to a lower dose rate and occurrence of cancer.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, the low level dose mode
method can enable medical personnel to estimate the radiation dosage distribution
among neighboring residents near a nuclear power plant, providing a valuable reference
for governmental authorities in establishing legislation to protect inhabitants from unsafe
radiation levels.

V d 2: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu As is well known, silver nanoparticles have
an affinity with a proteins thiol and amino group. Surface plasma resonance
(SPR), a biosensor, can detect proteins because silver nanoparticles have a
coating on SPR, necessitating the ability to use SPR sensitively and accurately
to detect proteins. For instance, a protein containing amyloid B-derived
diffusible ligands (ADDLs) causes Alzheimers disease.
Vn nghin cu Although local SPR (LSPR) is more sensitive and
accurate than the conventionally adopted SPR, LSPR has many
nanostructures, explaining why sensitivity and accuracy are of priority concern.
Moreover, the conventionally adopted SPR is more expensive than LSPR.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu While the sensitivity
of SPR is 100pM, LSPR must have a higher sensitivity and accuracy, hopefully
below 1pM.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Developing a biosensor without a
LSPR would lead to a more expensive detector. Moreover, the inability to
increase the sensitivity and accuracy of a biosensor makes it impossible to
detect the biomolecular structure in early stages, subsequently creating greater
problems such as an increased societal burden in caring for such patients.

V d 2 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should design a sensitive and
accurate biosensor that can identify special proteins efficiently, as well as detect
certain diseases in their early stages. For instance, identifying the protein ADDLs
early can be used to diagnose Alzheimers disease in its early stages so that
therapeutic treatment can be administered.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, nanoparticles can
be developed in a glass chamber, followed by the design of a LSPR biosensor.
The biomolecular structure can then be detected using LSPR, enabling us to
identify the disease.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, the proposed analytical method for detecting
bio molecular structures can detect solution consistency below 1pM with a high
degree of accuracy.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Moreover, the proposed
LSPR biosensor can provide a highly sensitive and accurate means of detecting
the bio molecular structure. The ability to identify the disease in its early stages
can lead to earlier treatment and recoery. For instance, Alzheimers disease can
be diagnosed early because LSPR can detect ADDLs with a high degree of
sensitivity, ultimately increasing the survival rate of patients.

V d 3: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu To determine the radioactivity
levels in the human brain, uptake radiopharmaceuticals can be used in
brain imagery to accurately diagnose the early stages of brain-related
diseases.
Vn nghin cu However, according to clinical studies, the amount
and concentration of brain uptake radiopharmaceuticals have a low
stability, making it impossible to diagnose brain-related diseases
accurately and efficiently.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu More
specifically, the chemical structures of traditional radiopharmaceuticals
(ECD) have too many sulfur chemical complexes, resulting in
radioactivity in the liver.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Simultaneously, the uptake
of radiopharmaceuticals in brain radioactivity becomes increasingly
lower, ultimately making it increasingly difficult to accurately diagnose
brain-related diseases for clinical purposes.

V d 3 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should develop a high lipophilicity
radiopharmaceutical method that uses two groups of radiochemistry, i.e.
aminedithiolate ligand (ONS) and monothiolate coligand (S), to increase the
radiopharmaceutical high lipophilicity level in order to maintain a
radiopharmaceutical stability and hyperactivities.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, aminedithiolate and
monothiolate can be used to one part of combined 99mTcs 1 ligand 99mTcs 3
ligands. In the new radiopharmaceutical, its radiochemical characteristics can
then be analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC), with
its amount subsequently analyzed using a thin layer chromatography (TLC). Next,
the characteristics of high lipophilicity can be analyzed using a Partition coefficient
Using this radiopharmaceutical sample, its radioactivity can be analyzed as well
using an automatic gamma counter. Radiation tracer characteristics can be
analyzed using multiple-channel pulse wave equipment. Additionally, the new
radiopharmaceutical serum can be injected into laboratory mice, with the
radiopharmaceutical uptake number of each mouse organ analyzed as well.
Following sacrifice of those mice with significant organs extracted,the organs can
be weighed and their radioactivity levels determined as well. Finally, the
biodistribution in laboratory mice can be analyzed.

V d 3 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, the proposed high lipophilicity
radiopharmaceutical method can ensure stability in a mouses brain
with an uptake number exceeding 15% and other organs uptake
numbers lower than 30%. New radiopharmaceuticals can maintain
stability six hours after fabrication. Blood clearing ratio can then be
lower than traditional radiopharmaceuticals used in brain imagery.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Results of this study
can contribute to efforts to increase the clinical accuracy of diagnosing
brain diseases as early as possible for curative purposes, thus
enhancing a physicians ability to achieve ideal patient management,
improve a patients quality of life, decrease both the mortality rate
associated with brain-related diseases and the relapse rate and,
ultimately, lower the radiation dose of patients with brain-related
diseases.

V d 4: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Computer tomography (CT) plays a prominent role in
diagnosing medical ailments owing to its ability to achieve precise treatment without unnecessarily
high radiation levels that would harm patients. Restated, while effective in therapeutic treatment, CT
can not be used during a routine examination. Efforts to integrate CT into routine examinations is
thus of priority concern.
Vn nghin cu Although medical images are normally taken through conventional x-ray
procedures, such procedures are limited in that while confined to capturing three-dimensional
objects, many organs overlap each other, making it impossible to distinguish between them.
Conversely, CT can not only detect diseases in their early stages, but also more effectively treat
diseases. Nevertheless, CT is not adopted in routine examinations owing to its higher radiation dose
than in normal examinations. Conventional medical imagery procedures emit a low radiation dose
owing to the limited exposure time.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance, a normal chest x-ray
examination, a radiation dosage of only 0.5mGy poses a relatively low risk to the human body.
However, a CT examination may contain ten to twenty times higher dosage levels than a
conventional x-ray examination would owing to the longer exposure time, possibly causing human
injury.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Despite the advantages of CT images over those of
conventional x-ray images, the inability to reduce its radiation dose to a safe level makes it
impossible to detect and subsequently treat cancer in its early stages. The feasibility of accelerating
the scanning time during a CT examination must be examined, thus reducing radiation dose levels.

V d 4 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should examine the feasibility of
accelerating the scanning time during a CT examination, thus reducing radiation dose
levels. Whereas the human body is not proportional with respect to thickness, the
absorbed radiation dosage is all the same.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, the ability to ensure that the
human body absorbs a lower radiation dose with respect to thickness, CT can be verified
as an effective physical examination procedure for prevention purposes (NOTE: Add 2-3
more sentences to more describe the methodology more completely).
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that the accelerated CT scan
speed can scan front and rear positions of the body at varying thicknesses and radiation
dosages, subsequently reducing a substantial amount of nonessential dosage and making
CT highly promising as a preventive medicine procedure. Such a procedure would
significantly contribute to treatment of lung cancer patients since MRI does not have a
spoke beam. Given that the lower number of hydrogen atoms in the lungs does not
provide adequate information for the image signal of MRI However, CT can produce an
accurate image of the lungs, making it relatively easy to detect lung cancer in its early
stages.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Results of this study can demonstrate
the ability of CT to reduce the radiation dose level, makes it highly promising as a
preventive measure during physical examinations to detect lung cancer in its early stages.

Ti liu tham kho

Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing

Further details can be found at

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw