Vit Ting Anh Hc Thut

T chc lp vit bo khoa hc Y khoa ng trn tp

ch quc t (6)
Radiotechnology

Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng ting
Anh

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw

Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t

mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc

tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative

specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research

problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin

cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to

achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng

m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and

practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

V d 1: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Radiation therapy is a
conventional means of treating cancer, including the therapeutic use of
photon, electron and proton beams. Neutron leaking incidents occurred
in Taiwanese hospitals in 2003 during the use of photon beams in
radiotherapy. Photoneutron leaking incidents have become more
common in recent years.
Vn nghin cu Patients undergoing treatment when a neutron
leaking incident occurs will not only invalidate the entire treatment
planning process, but also expose patients and technical personnel to
unnecessarily highly radiation dosages.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance,
determining the different energy levels when a neutron leaking incident
occurs is of priority concern. According to previous studies, when
photon energy exceeds 10MV, neutrons are produced. While
determining the pollution level of photoneutrons surpassing 10MV, its
reduction has seldom been studied.

V d 1 (cont.)
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to

reduce the likelihood of photoneutron leaking incidents makes

simulation plans not uniform during treatment planning, resulting
in an improper dosage administered to the patientand exposing
technical personnel to unnecessarily high radiationlevels. For
radiotherapy, tumor dose is expected as high as possible while
sparing the normal tissue dose surrounded in field. However, the
dose of normal tissue out-field is always out of concern, as an
example of photoneutron produced by high energy x-rays.
However, there is no relevant research concerning about
reduction of neutron contamination so far.

V d 1 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should determine the amount of
neutron leaking during photon beam therapy by using a linear in order to reduce its
content and adhere to the principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) as
much as possible.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, neutron leaking can be
detected using slow-neutron (BF3) detectors, dual-wall ionization-chamber and
thermoluminescent dosimetes (TLD-600,700). Its material contains lithium-6 or lithium7 isotope fluoride, making it possible to undertake neutron dosimetry. The door of the
treatment room can then be devised with specifications of cement concrete containing
3mm of lead to shield the leakage radiation, scattered radiation and photoneutron
leaking.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can be used to determine the quantity
of the photoneutron leakage using the above methods, making it possible to decrease
leakage levels and increase accuracy in treatment planning. Moreover, the equivalent
dose can also be reduced at the maze entrance, subsequently reducing costs of
neutron shielding of a lead door.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Results of this study can contribute
to efforts to identify neutron contamination levels in a linear accelerator, enabling
Taiwanese hospitals to enhance treatment quality by administering accurate dosages
during treatment and ensuring patient safety.

V d 2: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Administering heat shock proteins to patients
experiencing inflammation can increase cell survival and protect as well as regulate
intercellular proteins and proteolysis to repair damaged proteins.
Vn nghin cu However, inflammation and fever incur stress involving heavy
metals and oxidative stress, leading to cell death and various diseases, tumors as well
as a lower cancer cell resistance. Before pretreated medicine restrains Ca button,
Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) is used as 5g add RAW264.7 cell line, resulting in
conspicuous inhibitor cell death rate of 80%. The cell is brought out and Src and Hsp90
subsequently formed to a compound of 50% with LPS behavior. LPS can also be
detected and examined, activating albumens to original form.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu The activation occurs when
LPS is stimulated, with the active increase fivefold of p38 during 15 minutes, in 30
minutes, under with pretreatment, the activation of p38 , ERK and JNK that LPS brings
out is reduced to a basic value and already existing 30% and 70% in 15 and 30 minutes,
respectively.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Although capable of regulating protein
functions, HSP is already proven to be a target of cancer. Breast cancer may contain
HSP 70 and HSP 90 leading to metastasis and a poor prognosis. Administered medicine
can subsequently decrease the proliferation of cancer cells and cell death.

V d 2 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the interaction of HSP antibody and antigen,
we should elucidate the role of Hsp90 as a molecular mechanism that induces
LPS-stimulated signaling in RAW264.7 by using western blotting analysis.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, LPS can be
added at different time intervals. Ice-cold PBS wash cell can then be used to
collect eppendroff. Next, membrane and cytosol of lysis cell can be separated.
Additionally, Western blotting can be performed for several times of appraisal.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that a large
number of HSP can be acquired, thus inducing transcription to eliminate
apoptosis. Additionally, LPS can increase HSP as well. Without the expression
of HSP, when human inflammation and fever occur, cell apoptosis will prove
fatal to humans.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Moreover, HSP expression
can bind the tumor suppressor protein, thus enabling the effective control of
cancer.

V d 3: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Chemotherapy for cancer patients has a strong
medicine toxicity, in which an inaccurate dosage could aggravate great potential harm to
normal cells. The dosage of chemotherapy medicine is subsequently increased to
terminate a larger number of tumor cells.
Vn nghin cu As chemotherapy treatment makes tumor cells gradually resistant to
drug dosages, continuously increasing the dosage amount poses a greater threat to
humans owing not only to the lack of complementary medicines to lower the dosage of
chemotherapy medicine, but also to the inability to protect normal cells during
chemotherapy.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu As a cervical cancer cell, hela
undergoes chemotherapy treatment for termination with a dosage of 25ng of taxol. After 56
hours, survival rate of the cancer cell ranges from 60%-70%. Eliminating all of the hela
cancer cells would require constantly increasing the dosage of taxol. However, doing so
would terminate all of the normal cells as well, which would be fatal for chemotherapy
patients.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to modify conventional
chemotherapy treatment, in which a constant dosage is gradually increased, will lead to
damage of normal human cells without assurances of terminating cancer cells, possibly
leading to fatality. Therefore, compounds in therapeutic medicine or extracts must be
analyzed to resist cancer cells or free radicals, thus reducing damage to normal human
cells during chemotherapy while strengthening its toxicity.

V d 3 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should analyze compounds
in therapeutic medicine or extracts that resist cancer cells or free radicals,
thus reducing damage to normal human cells during chemotherapy while
strengthening its toxicity.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, various
dosage levels of taxol can be analyzed to determine the termination rate of
hela cancer cells. After moderate dosage levels are determined to terminate
hela cancer cells, compounds in therapeutic medicine or extracts can be
examined. Following treatment by estimating the number of terminated hela
cells or by performing MTT assay, the death rate of the hela cells can be
determined using different approaches and through an in vitro procedure.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that, in most
auxiliary samples, cancer resistant properties can be identified.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Although conventionally
adopted chemotherapy can effectively terminate tumor cells, normal cells are
injured, necessitating the careful control of its dosage and minimal harm to
normal human cells during treatment.

V d 4: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Among the several radiation therapies
available include -ray, -ray ,-ray, and neutron. Of particular concern is the
difficulty in protecting and detecting neutrons. An incidence of neutron pollution
occurred in a Taiwanese hospital in late 2003, in which some staff dosimeters
reacted.
Vn nghin cu To effectively address this dilemma, Linac machinery is used
to treat patients in oncology departments in Taiwanese hospitals. According to
literature, the protection of neutrons must be as the photon energy, which exceeds
8 MV. Although each Linac contains 10MV photons, neutron protection is
overleaped, subsequently leading to neutron pollution.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance,
approximately 100 Linac machines are currently operating in Taiwan. However,
non-as photon and neutron pollution protection are not included when installing a
new Linac machine. Radiation regulations mandate that the level is 25 Sv for
restricted areas and 0.5 Sv for non-restricted areas.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Strictly adhering to this new regulation
is essential to achieving the safety standard known as (As Low As Reasonably
Achievable) ALARA. ALARA attempts to reduce dose levels, thus preventing
exposure to patients and staff.

V d 4 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should attempt to understand
the distribution of neutron radiation pollution not only to reduce the dosage of
neutrons in the workplace, but also to decrease the exposure level to as low as
reasonably achievable (ALARA) standards.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, the distribution,
leakage and energy of neutron can be determined using a radiation meter and
TLD 600-700. The door for the Linac treatment room can then be designed to
avert neutron pollution, which is detected by detectors.
Kt qu d kin Additionally, the neutron distribution in the treatment room
can be evaluated with respect to the proper organ dosage for clinical patients.
Moreover, the quantity of neutron pollution can be examined using different
Linac machines.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin In addition to providing a
valuable reference for other hospitals in establishing a linear accelerator, results
of this study can enable clinicians to determine the proper absorbed dose for
patient organs. Moreover, medical instrumentation manufacturers can modify
their designs accordingly, ensuring that the quantity of neutrons and patient
dosage level pose minimum risk.

Ti liu tham kho

Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing

Further details can be found at

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