You are on page 1of 36

1

Classification Systems

Used to determine the suitability of different


soils
Used to develop correlations with useful soil
properties
Three broad groups of soils are generally
recognized

Granular soils : including Gravel and Sand


Fine grained soils : including Silt and Clay
Organic soils : including Peat and Organic silt and Clay

Most of soils are mixtures of 2 or more groups,


compound names may be used; i.e. silty clay, sandy
clay.

Characteristics of granular
soils

Good load bearing


Relatively incompressible under static load
Relatively high permeability
Larger grain size -> More stable soil
Grain shape effect stability (interlocking
effect)
Gradation effect stability
Quality of work is usually controlled by Dr
2

Characteristics of fine grained


soils

Characteristics is controlled by
Plasticity
High plasticity

-> high compressibility


-> low permeability
-> shrink and swell heavily

Field identification

Made on the basis of

Visual inspection
Feel (texture)
Smell

Shaking test for fine-grained soils

Silt : glossy when shaked, dull when squeezed


Clay : show no difference when shaked or squeezed
4

Field identification

Dried soils when pressed by finger


Silt

Low plasticity clay

Crumble easily
Broken into small pieces

High plasticity clay

Hardly broken

Erosion

AASHTO Classification

Developed by
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Often used for soils in Highway engineering
Classifies soils into 7 major groups, according to
adaptability
Coarse grained material = %Fines < 35% = A1, A2, A3
Fine grained material
= %Fines > 35% = A4, A5, A6, A7
Silty soils = PI < 10
Clayey soils
= PI > 11

Classification is conducted by the elimination process


8

AASHTO Classification Chart


F200 35%

A-1-a

A-1-b

A-3

F10

50

F40

30

50

51

F200

15

25

10

LL
PI

F200 > 35%


A-7-5

A-2-4

A-2-5

A-2-6

A-2-7

A-4

A-5

A-6

35

35

35

35

36

36

36

36

40

41

40

41

40

41

40

41

N.P.

G.I.

10

11
4

10
8

12

A-7-6

11
16

20


A-7-5 PI (LL 30)
A-7-6 PI > (LL 30)

Elimination process

Given the grain size and plasticity


data, we must check each
classification

Starting from the left to the right of table


The first group that fit with data will be
applied
To accommodate this process, A-3 is
listed to the left of A-2
10

11

Group index

Group index must be calculated if a


soil will be used as a highway
subgrade material
GI will be written in parenthesis after
the group designation
GI is clamped to {0, N+}

Group index

GI = 0

GI =

A-1, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-3


0.01(F200 15)(PI 10)

A-2-6, A-2-7

GI =

0.01(F200 15)(PI 10) + [0.2 + 0.005(LL 40)](F200

35)

A-4, A-5, A-6, A7


12

13

Example

Particle size fractions:

From Atterberg Tests:

F10 100%, F40 92%, F200 86%

LL = 70, PL = 32, PI = 70 - 32 = 38

GI = 0.01(F200 15)(PI 10) + [0.2 + 0.005(LL 40)](F200 35)


= 0.01(86 15)(38 10) + [0.2 + 0.005(70 40)](86 -35)

= 33.47 33

Example

Particle size fractions: F10 84%, F40 48%, F200 11%


From Atterberg Tests: LL = 32, PL = 26, PI = 32 - 26 = 6
14

AASHTO Classification Chart


F200 >
35%

F200 35%

A-7-5

A-1-a

F10

50

F40
F200

A-1-b

A-3

30

50

51

15

25

10

LL
PI

15

A-2-4

A-2-5

A-2-6

A-2-7

A-4

A-5

A-6

35

35

35

35

36

36

36

36

40

41

40

41

40

41

40

41

N.P.

G.I.

10

11
4

10
8

12

A-7-6

11
16

20

A-7-5 PI (LL 30)


A-7-6 PI > (LL 30)

A-1-b(0)

Description of Classification
Groups
A-1a

Includes those materials consisting predominantly of stone fragments or gravel

A-1b

Includes those materials consisting predominantly of coarse sand, either with or


without a well-graded soil binder

A-3

Fine beach sand or fine desert loess sand without silty or clay fines or with a very small
amount of nonplastic silt

A-2-4, A-2-5

Include various granular materials containing 35% or less passing the N200 sieve and
with a fine portion having the characteristics of the A-4 and A-5 groups

A-2-6, A-2-7

Include various granular materials containing 35% or less passing the N200 sieve and
with a fine portion having the characteristics of the A-6 and A-7 groups

A-4

The typical materials of this group are the nonplastic or moderately plastic silty soils

A-5

Similar to group A-4, except that it is usually of diatomaceous or micaceous character

A-6

Usually a plastic clay having 75% or more passing the N200 sieve

A-7-5

Includes materials with moderate plasticity indexes in relation to liquid limit

A-7-6

Includes materials with high plasticity indexes in relation to liquid limit

16

17

Unified Soil Classification

Used for general engineering


purposed
Popular among Geotechnical engineer
Published as ASTM D 2487

Unified Soil Classification

Each soil is given a 2 letter classification

Important terms

%Fines= F200 , (Sieve No.200 or 75 m)


Gravel fraction
= R4 , (Sieve No.4 or 4.75 mm)
Sand fraction
= R200 R4

Coarse grained (>50% larger than 75 m)

For example; SW, SP, MH, CL

F200 < 50%

Fine grained

F200 > 50%

(>50% smaller than 75 m)


18

USC: Coarse grained

19

type

Coarse grained (>50% larger than 75 m)

Prefix S if > 50% of coarse is Sand (SF > GF)


Prefix G if > 50% of coarse is Gravel (GF > SF)
Suffix depends on %fines

if %fines < 5% suffix is either W or P


if %fines > 12% suffix is either M or C
if 5% < %fines < 12% Dual symbols are used

W,
P

Dual
symbols
5
%

e.g. SW-SM

%fines

M, C
12%

Unified Soil Classification


To determine if W or P, calculate Cu and Cc
Cu

D60
D10

D302
Cc
( D60 D10 )

x% of the soil has particles


smaller than Dx

20

21

Unified Soil Classification

D60 = 0.75
mm

Unified Soil Classification

If prefix is G then

suffix is W if Cu > 4 and Cc [1 , 3]

otherwise use

If prefix is S then

suffix is W if Cu > 6 and Cc [1 , 3]

otherwise use

22

23

Unified Soil Classification

To determine M or C use plasticity chart

6
0
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
s
o
i
l
s
a
t
e
q
u
a
l
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
5
0
T
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
a
n
d
d
r
y
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
ith
in
creasin
g
p
lasticity
in
d
ex
4
0
C
H
3
0
O
H
2
0
C
L
o
r
O
L
C
L
1
0
o
r
M
H
M
L
M
L
0
01
02
03
0P
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
L
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
ity
ch
a
fo
rlab
o
rato
ry
clasla
isftic
a
o
n
o
frtin
eg
rain
ed
so
ils

Plastictyindex

Below A-line use suffix M - Silt


Above A-line use suffix C - Clay

Plasticity chart
(Casagrande)

24

USC : Fine grained type

6
0
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
s
o
i
l
s
a
t
e
q
u
a
l
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
5
0
T
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
a
n
d
d
r
y
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
i
t
h
i
c
r
e
s
i
g
p
l
a
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
4
0
C
H
3
0
O
H
2
0
C
L
o
r
O
L
C
L
1
0
o
r
M
H
M
L
M
L
0
01
02
03
0P
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
L
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
ity
ch
a
fo
rlab
o
rato
ry
clasla
isftic
a
o
n
o
frtin
eg
rain
ed
so
ils

Plastictyindex

> 50% finer than 75 m : %Fines > 50%


Both letters determined from plasticity
chart

25

U
n
i
f
e
d
s
o
i
l
c
l
a
s
i
f
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
)
r1obupls Typicalnam
righotsca)endubreasingfractionson sG
p
ym
es Infordm
(ExcludingpartF
cielsdaiedrsgetinm
rtiafhtceadntiw
7o5nem
easctirobniregqsuoirlesdfor Laboratocryitcelraisifcation

26

U
segrainsizecurveinidentifyinD
geth
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
s
g
i
v
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
f
i
e
l
d
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
r
m
i
n
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
g
r
a
v
e
l
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
g
r
a
i
n
s
i
z
e
c
u
r
v
e
p
e
n
d
g
o
n
p
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
i
n
e
s
(
f
r
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
l
e
t
h
a
n
.
0
7
5
m
m
P
lasticityindex
iM
sL
e
v
s
i
z
e
)
c
a
r
s
e
g
r
a
i
n
d
i
l
s
a
r
c
l
a
s
f
e
d
a
f
o
l
o
w
s
s
t
h
a
n
5
%
G
W
,
G
P
,
S
W
,
S
P
o
r
e
1
2
%
M
C
M
5%
to12%B
ordelinecaserC
equirnguseofdualsym
bols

i.0l7
n
eofgm
rT
aish
e
se7
i5
lizm
sem
C
o
a
r
s
e
g
r
a
i
n
e
d
s
o
i
l
s
M
orethanhF
a
f5
tn
rievd
i.0
a
lso
m
a
lsieevreth
a
n
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
h
l
f
o
f
m
t
r
i
a
l
a
r
g
e
r
t
h
a
n
.
0
7
5
m
s
i
e
v
e
s
i
z
e
sizeisaboutheM
sm
loretehsa
a
tn
tSa
p
ihnd
a
r
llfsoefv
c
icosab
lrseetothenM
ak
d
y
e
G
r
a
v
e
l
s
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
h
f
o
f
c
o
a
r
s
e
f
r
a
c
i
o
n
i
s
m
a
l
e
r
t
h
n
f
a
c
i
o
i
s
l
a
r
g
e
r
t
h
n
Sg
ilrtq
seu
a
n
d
c
l
a
y
s
2
.
3
6
m
2
.
3
6
m
m
S
i
l
t
s
a
n
d
c
l
a
y
s
itn leq
t (a
ati5
e0
rlitm
ha
suithalinm
5i0
S
a
n
d
s
w
i
t
h
G
r
a
v
e
l
s
w
i
t
h
C
l
e
a
n
s
a
n
d
s
C
l
e
a
n
g
r
a
v
e
l
s
f
i
n
e
s
f
i
n
(
i
t
l
e
o
r
o
(
i
t
l
e
o
n
o
p
r
c
i
a
b
l
e
(
a
p
r
e
c
i
a
b
l
e
f
i
n
s
)
f
i
n
s
)
am
ountofins) am
ountofins)

D
6
0
W
iirzedodseuonm
ratsinnogaefnatollfygionrntaeeinrm
ssizizedeioartneadpraasurntbgicselteaonftialG
W
W
e
l
g
r
a
d
e
d
g
r
a
v
e
l
s
,
g
r
a
v
e
l
G
i
v
e
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
n
a
m
e
s
:
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
a
p
C
=G
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
4
U
asP
m
s
a
n
d
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
,
l
i
t
o
n
o
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
s
n
d
1
0
2
f
i
e
s
a
n
d
g
r
v
l
:
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
i
z
e
:
(
D
)
3
0
C
=
B
e
t
w
e
n
1
a
n
d
3
u
l
a
i
t
y
,
s
u
r
f
c
e
c
o
n
d
t
o
n
,
c
P
P
o
r
l
y
g
r
a
d
e
d
g
r
a
v
e
l
s
,
g
r
a
v
e
l
x
D
1
0
6
0
a
n
d
h
r
d
n
e
o
t
h
a
r
s
e
zproencs-eipnw
iN
sm
tdlguarshetiscosfem
eineM
isL
t(fobrrm
ieildoew
d
tn)tiefcsiaztiosn G
s
a
n
d
m
i
x
t
u
r
s
,
l
i
t
l
o
r
n
o
g
r
i
n
s
:
l
o
c
a
l
r
g
e
o
l
g
i
c
l
n
a
m
e
igrlaetdysegdravraevls,-psoanrdly-siltm
fS
N
o
t
m
e
t
i
n
g
a
l
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
G
W
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
p
e
t
i
n
n
t
d
e
s
r
i
p
t
i
v
G
M
i
f
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
d
s
y
m
b
o
l
n
A
b
o
v
e
"
A
"
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
A
t
e
r
b
e
r
g
l
i
m
i
t
s
b
e
l
o
w
p
a
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
.
P
I
t
w
e
n
4
a
d
7
"
"
l
i
n
o
r
P
I
l
e
s
t
h
a
n
4
a
r
e
b
o
r
d
r
l
i
e
c
a
s
e
F
o
r
u
n
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
d
s
o
i
l
s
a
d
i
n
f
o
r
P
egesC
(infL
ogrbraidilnoenw
tsi)izfecsaatniodnspurbo-- G
C
C
l
a
y
e
y
g
r
a
v
e
l
s
,
p
o
r
l
y
g
r
a
d
e
d
A
t
e
r
b
e
r
g
l
i
m
i
t
s
a
b
o
v
e
"
A
"
q
u
i
n
g
u
s
o
f
d
u
a
l
m
a
t
i
o
o
n
s
t
a
t
i
f
c
a
t
o
n
,
e
g
e
estlaadindsutteriiecrlsafninm
cW
g
r
v
l
s
n
d
c
a
y
m
i
x
t
u
e
s
l
i
n
w
i
t
h
P
I
g
r
e
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
7
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
o
f
c
m
p
a
c
n
e
s
,
e
m
e
t
a
i
o
n
,
iExam
m
scthuparlee:coterdsitocn.sandraiD
W
W
e
l
g
r
a
d
e
d
s
a
n
d
s
,
g
r
a
v
e
l
y
6
0
tlysoonfeaslizentoerrm
eardaniagteeof S
a
g
e
C
=G
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
6
U
s
a
n
d
s
,
l
i
t
l
o
r
o
f
i
n
e
s
rsirzedsocw
pP
em
sitnhiazsnoeostuem
1
0
2
(
D
)
3
0
C
=
B
e
t
w
e
n
1
a
n
d
3
S
P
P
o
r
l
y
g
r
a
d
e
d
s
a
n
d
s
,
g
r
a
v
e
l
y
c
x
D
S
i
l
t
y
s
a
n
d
,
g
r
a
v
e
l
y
;
a
b
o
u
t
2
0
%
1
0
6
0
i
t
r
m
d
i
t
e
s
i
z
s
m
i
s
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
s
,
l
i
t
l
o
r
o
f
i
n
e
s
h
a
r
d
g
u
l
a
p
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
N
o
t
m
e
t
i
n
g
a
l
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
S
W
1
2
.
5
m
m
x
i
m
u
m
s
i
z
e
;
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
N
o
n
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
f
i
n
e
s
(
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
S
M
S
i
l
t
y
s
a
n
d
s
,
p
o
r
l
y
g
r
a
d
e
d
a
n
d
s
u
b
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
s
a
n
d
g
r
a
i
n
s
eceladdsuutrrieecsf,,inseesM
cP
L
b
e
l
w
)
s
a
n
d
i
l
t
m
i
x
t
u
e
s
c
o
a
r
e
t
o
f
i
n
e
,
b
o
u
t
1
5
%
o
n
A
b
o
v
e
"
A
"
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
A
t
e
r
b
e
r
g
l
i
m
i
t
s
b
e
l
o
w
p
l
s
t
i
c
l
i
n
e
s
w
i
t
h
l
w
d
r
y
P
I
t
w
e
n
4
a
d
7
"
"
l
i
n
o
r
P
I
l
e
s
t
h
a
n
4
s
t
r
e
n
g
h
;
w
l
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
e
a
n
d
a
r
e
b
o
r
d
r
l
i
e
c
a
s
e
(
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
S
C
C
l
a
y
e
y
s
a
n
d
s
,
p
o
r
l
y
g
r
a
d
e
d
m
o
i
s
t
i
n
p
l
a
c
e
s
;
a
l
u
v
i
a
l
s
;
A
t
e
r
b
e
r
g
l
i
m
i
t
s
a
b
o
v
e
"
A
"
q
u
i
n
g
u
s
o
f
d
u
a
l
C
L
b
l
o
w
)
s
n
d
c
l
y
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
s
(
S
M
)
l
i
n
w
i
t
h
P
I
g
r
e
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
7
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
IdentifcationproceduD
rrceysouienstvhrfeirnasgczttehionsm
lD
a
e
r
t
h
a
n
.
4
2
5
m
sigm
iphilntat)esstciy Inorganicsiltsandveryfinesands,G
riseulhaiactcekkinontcogy)(ncTeoanulN
hN
asioslritnagiechstteor-to(Q
r
i
v
e
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
n
a
m
e
;
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
e
g
r
e
r
c
k
f
l
o
u
r
,
y
o
r
c
l
a
e
o
n
e
M
L
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
t
e
r
o
f
p
l
a
s
t
y
,
6
0
s
l
o
w
f
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
s
w
i
t
h
s
l
i
g
h
t
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
t
y
m
o
u
n
t
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
i
z
e
o
f
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
s
o
i
l
s
a
t
e
q
u
a
l
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
I
o
r
g
i
c
l
a
y
o
f
l
o
w
t
o
m
e
d
i
u
m
c
a
r
s
e
g
r
a
i
s
:
c
o
l
r
i
n
w
t
c
n
M
eSldihgiughm
thtooN
onS
esllotow
rwyM
v
e
5
0
T
u
g
h
n
e
s
a
n
d
r
y
s
r
e
n
g
t
h
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
t
y
,
g
r
v
e
l
y
c
a
y
s
,
s
a
n
y
e
d
i
u
m
C
L
,
C
I
d
i
t
o
n
,
o
d
o
u
r
i
f
a
n
y
,
l
o
c
a
l
o
r
c
y
,
s
i
l
c
l
a
y
s
,
e
n
c
l
a
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
g
e
l
g
i
c
a
l
n
a
m
e
,
d
t
h
e
p
e
r
t
4
0
O
r
g
a
n
c
s
i
t
s
n
d
o
r
g
a
i
s
i
l
t
i
n
n
t
d
e
s
r
i
p
t
i
v
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
S
l
i
g
h
t
O
L
C
H
c
l
y
s
o
f
l
o
w
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
t
y
iS
m
e
d
u
m
s
y
m
b
o
l
i
n
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
C
I
3
0
i
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
s
i
l
t
s
,
m
a
e
o
u
s
o
r
lH
iighegdthoiutvm
oerySN
lnoow
tneoS
lH
iegdihgiuthm
oM
F
o
r
u
n
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
e
d
s
o
i
l
s
a
d
i
n
f
o
r
d
c
t
m
e
o
u
f
i
n
e
s
n
d
y
H
m
n
e
m
O
H
m
a
t
i
o
o
n
s
t
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
t
r
t
f
s
i
l
y
s
o
i
l
s
,
l
a
s
t
c
i
l
t
2
0
i
c
n
,
c
i
s
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
u
n
d
i
s
o
r
I
n
o
r
g
a
n
c
y
o
f
h
g
h
t
u
r
b
e
d
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
u
l
d
e
s
t
a
e
,
C
L
O
L
1
0
C
H
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
t
y
,
f
a
t
c
l
a
y
s
iM
g
h
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
r
a
i
n
a
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
o
n
s
M
H
o
r
C
L
M
L
M
L
e
d
i
u
m
t
o
N
o
n
e
t
o
v
e
r
y
S
l
i
g
h
t
o
O
r
g
a
n
i
c
l
a
y
s
o
f
m
e
d
i
u
m
t
o
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
0
O
H
h
i
h
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
t
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
h
g
h
h
i
g
h
m
e
d
i
u
m
C
l
y
e
y
s
i
l
t
,
b
r
o
w
n
:
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
:
L
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
s
m
a
l
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
n
e
s
a
n
d
:
R
e
a
d
i
l
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
e
d
b
y
c
o
l
u
r
,
o
d
o
u
r
lesL)firm forlaboratoryclaPslaisfticatiyonchoafrtinegrainedsoils
H
ighlyorganicsoils stepxotnugrefladfrequentybyfibousPtPeatandotherhighlyorganicsoilsnauderyouisnvplariecsa;lreosth;o(M

USC : Group name

Provide additional details


ASTM D 2487

27

28

29

30

Example

31

Example

32

Particle size fractions: Gravel


Sand

5%
84%

Silt and Clay 11%

Example

%Fines = 11%

Coarse grained , Dual symbols required

About 80% of the coarse fraction is sand, hence Prefix is S

33

Example

D10 = 0.06 mm, D30 = 0.25 mm, D60 = 0.75 mm


Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38

34

6
0
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
s
o
i
l
s
a
t
e
q
u
a
l
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
5
0
T
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
a
n
d
d
r
y
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
4
0
C
H
3
0
O
H
2
0
C
L
o
r
O
L
C
L
1
0
o
r
M
H
M
L
M
L
0
01
02
03
0P
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
L
i
q
u
i
d
l
i
m
i
t
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
c
h
a
r
t
fo
rlab
o
rato
ry
clasifao
n
o
fin
eg
rain
ed
so
ils

Plastictyindex

Example From Atterberg Tests

LL = 32, PL = 26
Ip = 32 - 26 = 6

35

36

Example
When Prefix is S, Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
Suffix1 = W
From Atterberg Tests
LL = 32, PL = 26
Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
From Plasticity Chart point lies below A-line
Suffix2 = M

Dual Symbols are SW-SM

To complete the classification the Symbols should be


accompanied by a description

You might also like