Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Classification Systems
Characteristics of granular
soils
Characteristics is controlled by
Plasticity
High plasticity
Field identification
Visual inspection
Feel (texture)
Smell
Field identification
Crumble easily
Broken into small pieces
Hardly broken
Erosion
AASHTO Classification
Developed by
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Often used for soils in Highway engineering
Classifies soils into 7 major groups, according to
adaptability
Coarse grained material = %Fines < 35% = A1, A2, A3
Fine grained material
= %Fines > 35% = A4, A5, A6, A7
Silty soils = PI < 10
Clayey soils
= PI > 11
F200 35%
A-1-a
A-1-b
A-3
F10
50
F40
30
50
51
F200
15
25
10
LL
PI
A-2-4
A-2-5
A-2-6
A-2-7
A-4
A-5
A-6
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
36
40
41
40
41
40
41
40
41
N.P.
G.I.
10
11
4
10
8
12
A-7-6
11
16
20
A-7-5 PI (LL 30)
A-7-6 PI > (LL 30)
Elimination process
11
Group index
Group index
GI = 0
GI =
A-2-6, A-2-7
GI =
35)
13
Example
LL = 70, PL = 32, PI = 70 - 32 = 38
= 33.47 33
Example
F200 >
35%
F200 35%
A-7-5
A-1-a
F10
50
F40
F200
A-1-b
A-3
30
50
51
15
25
10
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PI
15
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A-2-5
A-2-6
A-2-7
A-4
A-5
A-6
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
36
40
41
40
41
40
41
40
41
N.P.
G.I.
10
11
4
10
8
12
A-7-6
11
16
20
A-1-b(0)
Description of Classification
Groups
A-1a
A-1b
A-3
Fine beach sand or fine desert loess sand without silty or clay fines or with a very small
amount of nonplastic silt
A-2-4, A-2-5
Include various granular materials containing 35% or less passing the N200 sieve and
with a fine portion having the characteristics of the A-4 and A-5 groups
A-2-6, A-2-7
Include various granular materials containing 35% or less passing the N200 sieve and
with a fine portion having the characteristics of the A-6 and A-7 groups
A-4
The typical materials of this group are the nonplastic or moderately plastic silty soils
A-5
A-6
Usually a plastic clay having 75% or more passing the N200 sieve
A-7-5
A-7-6
16
17
Important terms
Fine grained
19
type
W,
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Dual
symbols
5
%
e.g. SW-SM
%fines
M, C
12%
D60
D10
D302
Cc
( D60 D10 )
20
21
D60 = 0.75
mm
If prefix is G then
otherwise use
If prefix is S then
otherwise use
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