Sp xp bi bo nghin cu cho cc tp ch quc t

Cu trc bi bo nghin cu

Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng
ting Anh

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Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t

mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc

tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative

specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research

problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin

cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to

achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng

m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and

practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

Research paper structure

(Cu trc mt bi nghin cu)
Abstract (Tm tt)
Introduction (Gii thiu/t vn )
Materials and Methods (Phng php nghin
cu)
Results (Kt qu)
Discussion (Bn lun)
Conclusions (Kt lun)

Abstract (Tm tt)

Setting (Thit lp cc xut nghin cu)
Problem (Vn nghin cu)
Research objective (Mc tiu nghin cu)
Methodology (Phng php lun trong nghin
cu)
Main results (Kt qu chnh)
Contribution to field - theoretical and practical
(ng gp v mt l thuyt v thc tin)

Introduction Section (Gii thiu/

t vn )
Paragraph 1: (Background) (on 1 Nn tng)
Setting/Problem/Quantification/Importance
(Ng cnh/Vn /Lng ha/Tm quan trng)
Paragraph 2: Literature review (on 2: Tng quan ti
liu nghin cu)
Although above studies..CONTRIBUTION, they
LIMITATION. (Mc d c ng gp, nhng nghin cu
va nu trn li mc phi hn ch.)
Paragraph 3: Objective/Methodology
(on 3: Mc tiu/Phng php lun nghin cu)

Introduction (Gii thiu/ t vn

) (tip theo)
Paragraph 4: Main Results + Contribution (Theoretical/Practical)
(on 4: Kt qu chnh t c v nhng ng gp v mt l
thuyt v thc tin)
Paragraph 5: Table of Contents (on 5: Cu trc bi vit)
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2.
Section 3 then. Next, Section 4 . Conclusions are finally
made in Section 5, along with recommendations for future
research.
(Phn cn li ca bi vit ny c trnh by nh sau. Phn
2.Sau , Phn 3. K n, Phn 4 Nhng kt lun v
xut hng nghin cu tip theo s c trnh by trong Phn
5).

Writing the Materials and Methods Section of Your Laboratory

Report (Vit phn Phng php nghin cu)
* Describe or list all of the materials in your research, including human
subjects, organisms, chemicals, tools, and measuring devices. (M
t/lit k tt c cc ti nguyn lin quan trong nghin cu ca bn, bao
gm: nhn lc, sinh vt, ha cht, dng c v cc thit b o lng)
* If necessary, include sketches, diagrams, or photographs or drawings
ofthe equipment and how you set up that equipment. (Nu cn thit, lit
k lun cc bn tho, biu , hay hnh chp, hay hnh v ca cc
trang thit b v cch thc lp t.)
* Describe your procedures, including relevant conditions such as
temperatures, observation dates and times, instrument settings and
calibration. (M t quy trnh thc hin, bao gm nhng iu kin cn
thit nh nhit , ngy gi quan st, thng s thit b, v kch c o
lng)

Writing the Materials and Methods Section of Your Laboratory

Report (Vit phn Phng php nghin cu)

Indicate whether you encountered difficulties with standard

procedures and how you modified your approach to address
those difficulties. (Cn nu r nhng kh khn m bn gp
khi tin hnh theo qui trnh chun v bn iu chnh cch
tip cp nh th no khc phc nhng kh khn ).
If you had to make subjective decisions in collecting
data,explain your choices. (Nu bn c quyt nh ch quan
notrong vic thu thp d liu, bn cn phi gii thch l do
cho schn la ).
Organize this section chronologically, in the order in which you
conducted your experiment. (Cc bc tin hnh cn sp
xptheo mt trt t ging nh khi bn lm th nghim).

Writing the Materials and Methods Section of Your Laboratory

Report (Vit phn Phng php nghin cu)

Include only those procedures that led to results that you

present in the report. (Ch trnh by nhng quy trnh
lm nhm t c kt qu trong bi bo co).
When providing details, assume that your readers are
unfamiliar with your experimental details. However,
assume that they know enough about lab procedures to
evaluate your efforts. (Khi trnh by cc chi tit, nn gi
nh rng c gi khng am hiu v cc chi tit thc
nghim ca bn. Tuy nhin, cn gi nh rng h bit c
bn cc qui trnh th nghim nh gi s c gng ca
bn).

Writing the Results Section

(Vit phn Kt qu nghin cu)
The results presents the evidence you will use to support the
claims you will make in your discussion. (Cc kt qu t
c lcc chng c h tr nhng iu m bn khng
nh trong phn bn lun).
In particular, the results section summarizes the data relevant
to the hypothesis you discussed in your introduction. (C th
l, phn Kt qu nghin cu ny tm tt d kin lin quan
n cc gi thuyt m bn nu trong phn Gii thiu/t
vn ).
Omit irrelevant data, but explain why you are doing so. (Loi
b nhng d kin khng lin quan, nhng cn gii thch v
sao bn lm nh vy).

Writing the Results Section

(Vit phn Kt qu nghin cu) (tip theo)
When summarizing your data, help readers understand your
findings by emphasizing major trends, associations, patterns of
statistical significance, and exceptions. (Khi tm tt d kin, bn
cn gip c gi bit c nhng pht hin ca bn bng cch
nhn mnh nhng xu hng chnh, nhng hip ng, nhng m
thc v ngha thng k, v nhng ngoi l).
Be sure your data are complete and organized. (Cn m bo
rng d liu ca bn l y v hu hiu).
For each major trend or pattern, begin with a statement of your
findings and then support your statement with data. (Vi mi xu
hng hay m thc chnh, bn hy vit mt cu khng nh v
nhng pht hin ca bn; sau trnh by d kin minh
chng).

Writing the Results Section

(Vit phn Kt qu nghin cu) (tip theo)
Depending on the type of data, you might present
your supporting evidence with a combination of text
and graphics. (Ty vo loi d liu, bn c th trnh
by nhng chng c theo dng vn vit, ha
hoc kt hp c hai).
In the results section, avoid interpreting or explaining
your data. Save those explanations for the
Discussion section. (Trong phn Kt qu, trnh din
dch hay gii thch d kin ca bn. Hy chuyn
nhng li gii thch ny vo trong phn Bn lun).

Writing the Discussion Section of Your Laboratory

Report (Vit phn Bn lun)

The discussion section interprets your results: you support or argue against
thehypothesis that you discussed in the Introduction section. (Phn Bn lun
nydin gii kt qu nghin cu ca bn: Bn s phi chp nhn hoc bc b
gi thit m bn nu trong phn Gii thiu/t vn ).

First, present the most important findings, including major trends, associations,
patterns of statistical significance, and exceptions. (Trc ht, trnh by nhng
pht hin quan trng nht, bao gm nhng xu hng chnh, nhng hip ng,
nhng m thc v ngha thng k, v nhng ngoi l).

Focus on offering explanations for your findings. (Hy tp trung gii thch nhng
pht hin ca bn).

Support your argument with data from your results, and do not hesitate to
discuss contradictory data or failed experiments. (a ra nhng d liu trong
phn Kt qu nghin cu h tr nhng lp lun ca bn, v cng ng ngn
ngi bn lun nhng d liu tri ngc nhau hoc nhng th nghim khng
thnh cng).

Writing the Discussion Section of Your Laboratory

Report (Vit phn Bn lun)

Sometimes a negative result or an experimental failure helps researchers tocreate

new knowledge in your field. (i khi mt kt qu tiu cc hoc mt th nghim
tht bi s gip cc nh nghin cu c thm kin thc mi v lnh vc ca bn).

If your results do not support your hypothesis, argue for rejecting your hypothesis.
(Nu kt qu t c khng h tr gi thit nghin cu ca bn, hy lp lun
bc b gi thit ).

If appropriate, support your argument with references to other research studies;

describe the degree to which your results match the results of previous studies.
(Nu thch hp, hy a ra nhng nghin cu khc h tr lp lun ca bn;
hy m t mc ph hp ca kt qu m bn t c so vi nhng nghin
cu trc y).

If your findings do not match the results of previous studies, suggest possible
explanations for the differences. (Nu nhng pht hin ca bn khng ph hp
vi nhng kt qu ca cc nghin cu trc, hy a ra nhng gii thch hp l
nht v nhng khc bit ).

Conclusions Section (Phn Kt lun)

Restate your Engineering/Scientific objective(Hy nu li mc tiu

k thut/ khoa hc ca bn)

Briefly summarize your methodology employed to attain the

objective. (Nu vn tt phng php lun c dng t
c mc tiu ra).

Interpret your results by asking some of the following questions:

(Hy din dch kt qu ca bn bng cch t hi cc cu hi sau:)

- Were your results expected? If not, why not? (Bn c mong mun t
c nhng kt qu ny khng? Nu khng th ti sao khng?)
- What generalizations or claims are you making about your results?
(Nhng iu tng qut hoc khng nh g m bn c th c c
t nhng kt qu nghin cu ny?)

Conclusions Section (Phn Kt lun)

- Do your generalizations and claims suggest other
observations or experiments which could be done to confirm,
refute, or extend your results? (Nhng iu tng qut ha v
khng nh c cn nghin cu thm xc nhn, bc b,
hay m rng kt qu nghin cu ca bn khng?)

- Do your results support or contradict existing theory?

(Nhng kt qu ca bn ph hp hay mu thun vi l thuyt
ang c?)

- Do your results suggest that modifications or extensions

need to be made to existing theory? What are they?
(L thuyt hin ti c cn c iu chnh hoc m rng da
vo kt qu ca bn khng? Nu c th iu chnh/m rng
g?)

Conclusions Section (Phn Kt lun)

- Could your results lead to any practical applications?
(Kt qu nghin cu ca bn c kh nng c ng
dng trong thc tin khng?)
Emphasize how the results of your study confirm your
Engineering/Scientific motivations (specific and general)
and, ultimately, your reader's interests (i.e.
Engineering/Scientific need). (Hy nhn mnh cch thc
m kt qu nghin cu ca bn p ng ng c khoa
hc/k thut ca bn (c th v tng qut), v c bit l
to s thch th cho c gi (chng hn nh nhu cu v
khoa hc/ k thut).

Further details can be found at

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