Younes

Sina

Chapter 11

Fluid Statics

Example :
The mass density of steel is 7.8 gr/cm3. A chunk of
steel has a volume of 141cm3. Determine
(a) its mass in grams and
(b) its weight density in N/m3

Solution:
(a) =M/V
M =V
M = (7.8 gr/cm3) (141 cm3)
M = 1100 grams
(b) ) =7.8 gr/cm3= 7800 kg/m3
D =g
D = (7800 kg /m3)(9.8 m/s2) = 76000 N/m3

Example :A piece of aluminum weighs

31.75 N. Determine
(a) its mass
(b) its volume if the mass density of
aluminum is 2.7 gr/cm3.
Solution:
(a) w = Mg M = w/g
M = 31.75 N/(9.8 m/s2)
M = 3.2 kg
M = 3200 gr
(b)=M / V V = M /
V = 3200 gr/(2.7 gr/cm3)= 1200 cm3

Example : The mass densities of gold and copper are 19.3

gr/cm3and 8.9 gr/cm3,
respectively. A piece of gold that is known to be an alloy of
gold and copper has a
mass of 7.55 kg and a volume of 534 cm3. Calculate the
mass percentage of gold in the alloy assuming that the
volume of the alloy is equal to the volume of copper
plus the volume of gold. In other words, no volume is lost or
gained as a result of
the alloying process.

Solution:
Mgold=goldVgold
Mcopper=copperVcopper
Mg+Mc=7550gr
gVg+cVc=7550
Vg+Vc=534cm3Vg=534-Vc
19.3 (534-Vc) + 8.9 Vc= 7550
10306.2-10.4Vc = 7550
2756.2 = 10.4Vc
Vc= 265 cm3
Vg = 534-Vc Vg = 534-265 = 269 cm3
Mg=gVg
Mg=(19.3 gr/cm3) ( 269 cm3) =5190 gr
Mc= 2360 gr
Mgold/ Malloy=(5190/7550)=0.687 =68.7 %
Karatmeans the number of portions out of 24 portions.
[68.7 /100] = [x/24]
x = 16.5 karat

Pressure
Pressure is defined as force per unit area.

p=F/A

TheSIunit for pressure isN/m2called "Pascal."

TheAmerican unitislbf/ ft2.
Two usefulcommercial unitsare:
kgf / cm2andlbf / in2 (psi)

:Calculate the average pressure that a 120-lbf table exerts on th

of its four legs if the cross-sectional area of each leg is 1.5 in2.

Solution:
p = F/A;p =120lbf/(4x 1.5 in2) =
20lbf / in2 or 20psi
ple :(a) Calculate the weight of a 102-gram mass piece of meta
metal piece is rolled to a square sheet that is 1.0 m on each sid
hen spread over the same size (1.0m x 1.0m ) table,
hat pressure would it exert on the square table?

Solution:
(a) w = Mg
w = (0.102 kg)(9.8
m/s2)
w = 1.0 N
(b)p = F / A
p =1.0N / (1.0m x
1.0m)
p =1.0 N/m2
p = 1.0 Pascal(1.0
Pa)

1 Pa is a small amount of pressure.

The atmospheric pressure is
101,300 Pa.
We may say that the atmospheric
pressure is roughly 100,000 Pa, or
100kPa.

Fluid Statics:

e study of fluids at rest is called Fluid Statics.

ssume that the density of a fluid remains fairly constant for relat
epths, the formula for fluid pressure my be written as:

p = hD
p = hg weight density
mass density

Calculate
(a) the pressure due to just water at a depth of 15.0 m
below lake surface.
(b) What is the total pressure at that depth if the
atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa?
(c) Also find the total external force on a spherical research
chamber which external
diameter is 5.0 m. Water has a mass density of =1000
kg/m3.
15 m

Solution:
(a)p =hD
p =hg
p= (15.0m)(1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2) =150,000
N /m2orPa
(b)[ptotal]external=pliquid+patmosphere
[ptotal]external= 150,000Pa + 101,000Pa
=250,000Pa
(c) p =F / A F =pA
Fexternal= (250,000 N/m2)(4)(2.5m)2 =
20,000,000 N
F =2.0x107N

vacuum

60 mi

Gravity pulls the air molecules

around the Earth toward the Earth's
center.
As we move from outer space
toward the Earth's surface the air
layers become denser and denser.
It is the weight of the atmosphere
that causes the atmospheric
pressure.
Vacuum establishes the basis
forabsolute zero pressure.Any gas
pressure measured with respect to
vacuum is called "absolute
pressure."

Torricelli
76
cm

icellis Experiment at Ocean Level

culation of the Atmospheric Pressure:

p = F/A
patm= the mercury weight/the tube crossVHg = (base
sectional
Area area) (height) =(A)(hHg)
DHg =WHg/VHg WHg= (VHg)(DHg)
patm=(VHg)(DHg)/A =(A)(hHg)(DHg)/A =
hHgDHg
patm=hHgDHg
(formula for pressure in a fluid)
In Torricelli's experiment:
hHg= 76.0 cm andDHg= 13.6 grf /cm3
patm=(76.0cm )(13.6 grf /cm3) =
1033.6 grf /cm2
patm= 1.0336 kgf / cm2
patm= 1.0 kgf /cm2

Atmosphere is pressing with a force of1 kgf = 9.8 Non

everycm2of our bodies and we are used to it
This pressure acts from all directions perpendicular to our
bodies surfaces at any point.
An astronaut working outside a
space station must be in a very
strong suit that can hold 1
atmosphere of pressure inside
compared to the zero pressure
outside and not explode.

If you softly place a2.2

lbf(or1.0 kgf) weight over
yourfinger nail(A = 1
cm2almost), you will experience

ple :
ert the
atmospheric pressure from1.0336 kgf /cm2 tolbf / in2or
Solution:
1 kgf = 2.2
lbf
1 in= 2.54
cm
patm= 14.7
Example:
psi
Convert the atmospheric pressure from1.0336 kgf /cm2
toN/m2orPa.
Solution:
1 kgf = 9.8N
1 m = 100 cm
patm= 101,300 Pa.

Example :The surface area of an average size person is

almost 1m2. Calculate thetotal forcethat the atmosphere
exerts
on such person.
Solution:
p =F / AF =pA
F = (101,300 N/m2)(1 m2) =100,000 NF = (1.0336 kgf /cm2)
( 10,000 cm2)
=10,000 kgf=10 ton force

:A submarine with a total outer area of 2200 m2is at a depth o

ean surface. The density of ocean water is 1030 kg/m3.Calculat
essure due to water at that depth
tal external pressure at that depth
tal external force on it. Let g = 9.81 m/s2.
Solution:
(a)p =hD
p =hg
p= (65.0m)(1030 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2) =657,000 N /m2orPa
(b)[ptotal]external=pliquid+patmosphere
[ptotal]external= 657,000 Pa + 101,000 Pa =758,000 Pa
(c)p =F/A F=pA
F = (758,000 N/m2)(2200m) =1.67x109N

uoyancy, Archimedes' Principle

When a non-dissolving object is submerged in a fluid
(liquid or gas), the fluid exerts anupward forceonto the
object that is called thebuoyancy force (B).

B=
VobjectDfluid

:Calculate thedownwardforce necessary to keep a 1.0-lbfbask

ged under water knowing that its diameter is 1.0 ft. The America
weight density of water isDwater= 62.4 lbf /ft3.

Solution:
The volume of the basketball (sphere) is:
Vobject= (4/3)R3 = (4/3)(3.14)(0.50 ft)3=0.523 ft3
The upward force (buoyancy) on the basketball is:
B = VobjectDfluid=(0.523 ft3)(62.4 lbf / ft3)= 33 lbf
Water pushes the basketballupwith a force of
magnitude33 lbfwhile gravity pulls itdownwith a force
of1.0 lbf(its weight);therefore,a downward force of32
lbfis needed to keep the basketball fully under water.
The force diagram is shown below:

Calculate the necessaryupwardforce to keep a (5.0 cm)(4.0 cm

ar aluminum bar from sinking when submerged in water knowin
grf /cm3andDAl= 2.7 grf /cm3.

Solution:
Vobject= (5.0cm)(4.0cm)(2.0cm) = 40cm3
B = VobjectDfluid=(40cm3)(1 grf/ cm3)=40 grf
w=VobjectDobject= (40cm3)(2.7 grf / cm3) =110 grf

Theweightof the barin air

Water pushes the barupwith a force

ofmagnitude40grfwhile gravity pulls itdownwith110
grf ;therefore,an upward force of 70grfis needed to
keep the bar fully under water and to avoid it from
sinking. The force diagram is shown below:

A boat has a volume of 40.0 m3and a mass of 2.00 tons. What

% of its volume into water?
ric ton is 1000 kg. Let g = 9.81 m/s2.

Solution:
Vobj= 0.750 x 40.0 m3=30.0 m3
B =VobjectDfluid=(30.0m3)(1000 kg /m3)(9.81
m/s2) =294,000 N
w = Mg =(2.00 x 103kg)(9.81 m/s2) =19600 N
F = B - w = 294,000N-19600N = 274,000 N
w

F
(load
)

Pascal's Principle
The pressure imposed at any point of a confined fluid
transmits itself to all points of that fluid without
significant losses.
One application of the Pascal's principle is
the mechanism in hydraulic jacks. This
pressure transmits throughout the oil as
well as onto the internal boundaries of the
jack specially under the big piston. On the
big piston, the big loadF,pushes down over
the big areaA. This pressure isF/A. The
two pressures must be equal, according to
Pascal's principle. We may write:
f /a = F/A
Although,for balance, the force that
pushes down on the big piston is much
greater in magnitude than the force that
pushes down on the small piston;however,
the small piston goes through a big
displacement in order for the big piston to
go through a small displacement.

Example:
In a hydraulic jack the diameters of the small and big
pistons are 2.00 cm and
26.00 cm respectively. A truck that weighs 33800 N is
to be lifted by the big piston.Find
(a) the force that has to push the smaller piston down
(b) the pressure under each piston

f /a = F/A

Solution:
(a)a=r2 =(1.00cm)2= 3.14 cm2
A=R2 =(13.00cm)2= 530.66 cm2
f / a = F / A
f /3.14cm2 =33800 N/530.66cm2
f = 200 N
(b)p =f /a = 63.7 N/cm2
p = F / A = 63.7 N/cm2

Homework :
Odd numbered problems
chapter 11