Engineering Graphics

Projection of points and lines

Group Members
Arshiya Maniar
130120111014
Mayank Dadheech
130120111015

Faculty-In-Charge
Prof. Shaival S Parikh

Contents
Introduction to principle

planes of projections
Projections of the point
located in same quadrant &
different quadrants
Projection of lines with its inclination to one
reference plane & with two reference planes
True length and inclination with the reference
planes

Introduction to principle
plane of projection

Drawing types
Engineering drawing

(projection)

1) Building related drawings

2)
Machine
components
drawings
a) Orthographic projection
a)
Orthographic
projection
b) Isometric projection

b)
Isometric
projection

Orthographic Projection

1)
a)
b)

It is a technical drawing in which different views

of an object are projected in different reference
planes.
There are mainly two types of reference planes in
orthographic projection..
Principle planes
2) Auxiliary planes
Horizontal plane
a) Auxiliary inclined
plane
Vertical plane
b) Auxiliary vertical
plane
c) Profile plane

 To draw any like orthographic

projections, three things

should be knew.
1. Object (a thing to observe)
2. Observer (always observing
perpendicular with respect to
reference plane)
3. Location of object ( the
position of object with
reference to H.P and V.P)

To observe any object it can be

viewed from three views and
they are as follows.
1. Front view
3. Side view

2. Top view
S.V.

Projections of points located in

same quadrant and different
quadrants

Projection of points in
same quadrant
y

VP
2nd Quad.

1st Quad.

x
Observer
X

3rd Quad.

HP

4th Quad.

Some important notations

Following notations should be

followed while naming different

views
in ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT
POINT A
LINE
AB
ITS TOP VIEW

ab

ITS FRONT VIEW

a b

ITS SIDE VIEW

a b

Projection of points in different

quadrants
Case 1:ORTHOGRAPHIC
Point A is located Above
PRESENTATION
H.P
IN 2-D

In front of

For Tv

V.P
a

Fv above xy,
Tv below xy.

V.P

PICTORIAL
PRESENTATION
IN 3-D
A
y

Fo
r

Fv

x
H.P

 Case 2 :Point A is located Above H.P

ORTHOGRAPHIC
PRESENTATION IN
2-D

For Tv

In V.P

Fv above by,
Tv on by.

PICTORIAL
PRESENTATION
IN 3-D
Y

V.P
a

For
Fv

H.P

 Case 3:ORTHOGRAPHIC
Point A is located InPRESENTATION
H.P
IN
For Tv

In front of
2-D

V.P
a A

Fv on xy,
Tv below xy.

V.P

PICTORIAL
PRESENTATION
y

For
Fv

H.P

 Case 4: Point A is located- Above H.P

Behind

For Tv

V.P

V.P

PICTORIAL
PRESENTATION
A

a
y

a
F.V
For

x
H.P

Projections of Lines
Basic information required for projections of

line is :
1. Its Length .
2. Positions of its ends with HP and VP
3. Its inclination with HP and VP

Orthographic Pattern

For Tv

(Pictorial Presentation)

V.P.

.
V.P

1.

A Line
perpendicular
to Hp
&
// to Vp

a
Fv

FV

Y
Fo
rF
v

TV a b

Tv a b

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation)
2.

.
V.P

A Line
// to Hp
&
// to Vp

V.P.

For Tv

a
.
F.V

Fv

b
B

a
A

Y
Fo
r

b
X
a

Fv

V.
T.

H.P.

Tv

V.P.

A Line inclined to Hp
and
parallel to Vp

.
V.P

.
F.V

F.
V.

3.

(Pictorial presentation)

.
T.V

Y
a

T.V.

H.P.
Orthographic Projections

V.P.
4.

A Line inclined to Vp
and
parallel to Hp

.
V.P
a

F.V.

(Pictorial presentation)

T.V.

Y
a

Fv

Tv

H.P.

For Tv

For Tv

5. A

.
V.P

Line inclined to both

Hp and Vp

.
V.P

(Pictorial presentation)

F.V
.

F.V
.

For
Fv

X
T.V.

For
Fv

A
X

b
V.P.
b
FV
a

TV

H.P.

T.V.

Some IMP Notations

1) True Length ( TL) a b1 & a b
2) Angle of TL with Hp -
3) Angle of TL with VP
4) Angle of FV with xy
5) Angle of TV with xy
6) LTV (length of FV)
7) LFV (length of TV)
8) Position of A- Distances of a & a from xy
9) Position of B- Distances of b & b from xy
10) Distance between End Projectors

Types of Problems
Type 1 :
Given projections (FV & TV) of the
line . To find true length and true
Inclination of the line with HP ()
and ().

FV

b1

TL

Y
a

LFV

TV

TL

b1

b1 LOCUS OF b

Type 2 :
Given projection(FV & TV)
true length of the line and inclinations
with HP and VP. To find the inclinations with
a
FV () and TV ().

FV

TL

55

X
LFV

45 0

TL

TV

LOCUS OF b

b1

b 1

Type 3 :
Given TL and inclinations
with HP and VP
Locus of a & a1
i.e., . To find
the projections (FV & 15
v
X
TV) of the line.
20

FV
75

a1

h
600

450

mm

VT
HT
a

a1

75

TV

mm

b1