Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CDMA
An Overview
Bhushan G. Jagyasi
Lecturer, Elex & Tele Comm Dept.
Thadomal Shahani Engineering College
CDMA
IS 95 (U.S Standard)
Evolution Chart
Service type
Narrow Band
1G
2G
Multi
media
Voice
Analog
AMPS
Digital
IS 95
IS 136
GSM
~ 24kbps
~64kbps
1980
1990
Broad Band
4G
Wide Band
3G
IMT
2000
~2Mbps
2000
Years
Wireless
Internet
Mobile
system
~20Mbps
2010
Access technology
PN Code
Freq
Freq
Freq
Time
Time
FDMA
TDMA
Time
CDMA
Comparison BetweenTechnologies
Digital
Mobile
technology
Users
Dec-02
Users
Dec-03
Growth
in2003
% Growth
Share Of
Growth
CDMA
145.2
181.0
35.4
24.3%
15.6%
GSM
790.5
970.8
180.3
22.8%
79.5%
PDC
60.1
63.1
3.0
5.0%
1.3%
TDMA
107.4
113.0
5.5
5.1%
2.4%
3 GSM
(W CDMA)
0.2
2.8
2.6
1708.5%
1.2%
GLOBAL
USER
BASE
1103.7
1330.6
226.9
20.69%
100%
GSM
An Overview
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
BSC
BSC
SIM
SIM
ME
BTS
BTS
MSC
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
EIR
Abis
MS Um
Mobile
station
VLR
BSS
Base Station
Subsystem
AuC
NS
Network
Subsystem
PSTN,
ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
BSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
BSC: Base station Controller
1. It manages radio resources for
one or more BTS.
BSC 2. Allocation and Deallocation of
channels.
3. Transmitter power control.
4. Handoff control
BTS : Base Tranceiver station
1. It defines the cell .
2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
HLR
BSC
BSC
VLR
PSTN,
ISDN
MSC
EIR
AuC
Network Subsystem
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visitor Location register
AuC: Authentication Center
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Authentication Center(AuC)
Provides security
Authentication and encryption
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Location Update
VLR
BSC
MSC
HLR
BSC
GMSC
MSC
VLR
PSTN.
ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
VLR
MSC
HLR
BSC
GMSC
MSC
VLR
PSTN.
ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
VLR
MSC
HLR
BSC
GMSC
MSC
VLR
PSTN.
ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Handoff
GMSC
Handoff is of
3 types
MSC
MSC
1. Intra BSC
2 Inter BSC
BSC
BSC
BSC
3. Inter MSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
1 2 3 4 5
890MHz
Uplink Freq
124
915Mhz
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Time slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
200 KHz
45MHz
1 233 3 45 5 6 7
4.6 ms
0.57ms
Time
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Frame Multiframe
10
Tdma Frame
1 2 3 4 5
Duration=120ms
24 25
Duration=4.615ms
Training
Data
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Speech coding
Speech is digitized by PCM, o/p of PCM is
64Kb/s
It is further reduced by Regular pulse excitedLinear predictive coder, bit rate achieved
13kb/s for full rate (260 bits in 20 msec)
Further encoded for error correction, 456 bits
per 20 msec, bit rate = 22.8 Kb/s
456 bits are divided into 8 blocks and
transmitted during 8 burst periods.
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Classification of Channels
1 Traffic (TCH)
Speech
Full rate 22.8 kb/s
Half rate 11.4 kb/s
Data
9.6kb/s
4.8kb/s
2.4kb/s
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
2 Control (CCH)
Broadcast (BCCH)
Freq correction (FCCH)
Synchronization (SCH)
Common (CCH)
Paging (PCH)
Access grant (AGCH)
Random Access (RACH)
Dedicated (DCCH)
Fast Associative (FACCH)
Slow Associative (SACCH)
Stand alone (SDCCH)
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Security
NETWORK
MS
Random no
Ki
A3
Ki
A8
Kc
SRES
Ki
Ki
A3
SRES
Equal
A8
Kc
CDMA
Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA SYSTEMS
CDMA
one
IS95
IS95B
CDMA
2000
JSTD 008
Narrow Band
Wide Band
CDMA
Multiple Access in CDMA:
Each user is assigned a unique PN code.
Each user transmits its information by
spreading with unique code.
Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used.
Users are seperated by code not by time slot
and freq slot.
CDMA
Concept of CDMA
Users share same
User
bandwidth
User axis shows
cumulative signal strength
of all users
Code 4
Code 3
Code2
Code 1
Freq
CDMA
Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access:
Spread Spectrum
In Spread spectrum data is transmitted with BW in
excess to minimum BW necessary to send it.
Spread spectrum is achieved by spreading with PN
code at transmitter . Same code is used to despread
the received signal at reciever
Narrow band
inputsignal
Wide band
Spreaded seq
CDMA
Advantages of spread spectrum:
Multipath Rejection
Immunity to interference and jamming
Multiple access
User
Code 4
Code 3
Code2
Code 1
Freq
CDMA
CDMA
Types of Codes used in CDMA:
Walsh code
Orthogonal codes
In IS 95A and IS 95B 64 Walsh codes are used
In CDMA 2000 128 Walsh codes are used
CDMA
Formation of channels (IS 95)
PN Code( Chip code) has rate of 1.23 MHz
Chip rate = 1.23 MHz (spread BW)
Link
Forward Link
(BS to MS)
Reverse link
(MS to BS)
CDMA
Forward Link (BS to MS)
Forward CDMA Channels
PILOT
SYNC
PAGE
W0
W32
W1
PAGE
W7
TRAFFIC
W9
POWER
TRAFFIC
CNTRL
DATA
SUB CH
TRAFFIC
W0
CDMA
Reverse Link Channel (BS to MS)
Here CDMA ch does not follow strictly orthogonal
rule.
It consists of 242 logical channels. 42 bit long PN code
is used to distinguish between channels.
Reverse CDMA Channels
Access
Ch 1
Access
Ch n
Traffic
Ch 1
Traffic
Ch m
CDMA
Other key Factors
Diversity
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space(Path) diversity
Power Control
Handoff: It supports Soft Handoff
CDMA
Soft Handoff
Signal
strength
Distance
Thanks