UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PRESENTATION
ON
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTISTORY FRAME STRUCTURE
WITH NO SHEAR WALL BY EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE
METHOD USING ETAB DESIGN SOFTWARE.

EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD

INTRODUCTION:
IN ORDER TO DESIGN A STRUCTURE TO
WITHSTAND AN EARTHQUAKE THE FORCES ON THE
STRUCTURE MUST BE SPECIFIED. THE EXACT FORCES
THAT WILL OCCUR DURING THE LIFE OF THE
STRUCTURE CANNOT BE KNOWN. A REALISTIC
ESTIMATE IS IMPORTANT, HOWEVER, SINCE THE COST
OF CONSTRUCTION, AND THEREFORE THE ECONOMIC
VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT DEPENDS ON A SAFE AND
COST EFFICIENT FINAL PRODUCT.

EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD

INTRODUCTION:
THE SEISMIC FORCES IN A STRUCTURE
DEPEND ON A NUMBER OF FACTORS INCLUDING THE
SIZE AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
EARTHQUAKE, DISTANCE FROM THE FAULT, SITE
GEOLOGY, AND THE TYPE OF LATERAL LOAD RESISTING
SYSTEM. THE USE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF
FAILURE OF THE STRUCTURE MAY ALSO BE OF
CONCERN IN THE DESIGN. THESE FACTORS SHOULD BE
INCLUDED IN THE SPECIFICATION OF THE SEISMIC
DESIGN FORCES.

EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD

INTRODUCTION:
THERE ARE TWO COMMONLY USED
PROCEDURES FOR SPECIFYING SEISMIC DESIGN FORCES: THE
"EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE" AND "DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS". IN THE EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE,
THE INERTIAL FORCES ARE SPECIFIED AS STATIC FORCES
USING EMPIRICAL FORMULAS. THE EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
DO NOT EXPLICITLY ACCOUNT FOR THE "DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS" OF THE PARTICULAR STRUCTURE BEING
DESIGNED OR ANALYZED. THE FORMULAS WERE, HOWEVER,
DEVELOPED TO ADEQUATELY REPRESENT THE DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOR OF WHAT ARE CALLED "REGULAR" STRUCTURES,
WHICH HAVE A REASONABLY UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF
MASS AND STIFFNESS. FOR SUCH STRUCTURES, THE
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE IS MOST OFTEN
ADEQUATE.

EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD

INTRODUCTION:
STRUCTURES THAT DO NOT FIT INTO
THIS CATEGORY ARE TERMED "IRREGULAR". COMMON
IRREGULARITIES INCLUDE LARGE FLOOR-TO-FLOOR
VARIATION IN MASS OR CENTER OF MASS AND SOFT
STORIES.
SUCH
STRUCTURES
VIOLATE
THE
ASSUMPTIONS ON WHICH THE EMPIRICAL FORMULAS,
USED IN THE EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE,
ARE BASED. THEREFORE, ITS USE MAY LEAD TO
ERRONEOUS RESULTS. IN THESE CASES, A DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS SHOULD BE USED TO SPECIFY AND
DISTRIBUTE THE SEISMIC DESIGN FORCES.

EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD

INTRODUCTION:
A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS CAN TAKE A
NUMBER OF FORMS, BUT SHOULD ACCOUNT FOR THE
IRREGULARITIES OF THE STRUCTURE BY MODELING
ITS
"DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS"
INCLUDING
NATURAL FREQUENCIES, MODE SHAPES AND DAMPING.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER IS TO REVIEW
AND COMPARE THE SECTIONS OF CURRENT SEISMIC
DESIGN PROVISIONS, WHICH DEAL WITH THE
SPECIFICATION OF SEISMIC DESIGN FORCES. EMPHASIS
WILL BE ON, AS IN THE DOCUMENTS DISCUSSED, THE
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE.

UBC-97 PROVISIONS:
UBC-97, BASICALLY PROVIDES FOR THE USE OF THE
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE OR A DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS FOR REGULAR STRUCTURES UNDER 240 FEET
TALL AND IRREGULAR STRUCTURES 65 FEET OR LESS IN
HEIGHT. A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED FOR
REGULAR STRUCTURES OVER 240 FEET TALL, IRREGULAR
STRUCTURES OVER 65 FEET TALL, AND BUILDINGS THAT
ARE LOCATED ON POOR SOILS (TYPE SF) AND HAVE A
PERIOD
GREATER
THAN
0.7
SECONDS.
ALTHOUGH UBC-97 ALLOWS FOR BOTH WORKING
STRESS DESIGN AND ALTERNATELY STRENGTH OR LOAD
AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN, THE EARTHQUAKE
LOADS ARE SPECIFIED FOR USE WITH THE LATTER. THIS IS
A DEPARTURE FROM PREVIOUS EDITIONS WHERE THE
EARTHQUAKE LOADS WERE SPECIFIED AT THE WORKING
STRESS LEVEL.

DESIGN BASE SHEAR V:

THE DESIGN BASE SHEAR IS SPECIFIED BY THE
FORMULA:
CVI
W
V=
RT
WHERE, T IS THE FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD OF THE
STRUCTURE
IN
THE
DIRECTION
UNDER
CONSIDERATION, I IS THE SEISMIC IMPORTANCE
FACTOR, CV IS A NUMERICAL COEFFICIENT DEPENDENT
ON THE SOIL CONDITIONS AT THE SITE AND THE
SEISMICITY OF THE REGION, W IS THE SEISMIC DEAD
LOAD, AND R IS A FACTOR WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE
DUCTILITY AND OVERSTRENGTH OF THE STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM. ADDITIONALLY THE BASE SHEAR IS
DEPENDENT ON THE SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z. THE
BASE SHEAR AS SPECIFIED BY EQUATION ABOVE IS
SUBJECT TO THREE LIMITS:

DESIGN BASE SHEAR V:

THE DESIGN BASE SHEAR NEED NOT EXCEED:
2.5CaI
W
R
V=
AND CANNOT BE LESS THAN:
V= 0.11 Ca I W
WHERE Ca IS ANOTHER SEISMIC CO-EFFICIENT
DEPENDENT ON THE SOIL CONDITIONS AT THE SITE
AND REGIONAL SEISMICITY.
0.8ZNVI
W
R
V=

DESIGN BASE SHEAR V:

WHERE NV IS A NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR THAT
DEPENDS ON THE PROXIMITY TO AND ACTIVITY OF
KNOWN FAULTS NEAR THE STRUCTURE. FAULTS
ARE IDENTIFIED BY SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE, WHICH
REFLECT THE SLIP RATE AND POTENTIAL
MAGNITUDE OF EARTHQUAKE GENERATED BY THE
FAULT. THE NEAR SOURCE FACTOR NV IS ALSO USED
IN DETERMINING THE SEISMIC CO-EFFICIENT CV FOR
BUILDINGS LOCATED IN SEISMIC ZONE 4.

SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z:

FIVE SEISMIC ZONES, NUMBERED 1 2A, 2B, 3
AND 4 ARE DEFINED. THE ZONE FOR A PARTICULAR
SITE IS DETERMINED FROM A SEISMIC ZONE MAP.
THE NUMERICAL VALUES OF Z ARE AS GIVEN
BELOW:
Zone
Z

1
0.075

2A
0.15

2B
0.2

3
0.3 0.4

THE VALUE OF THE COEFFICIENT THUS

NORMALIZED CAN BE VIEWED AS THE PEAK
GROUND ACCELERATION, IN PERCENT OF GRAVITY,
IN EACH ZONE.

SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR I :

THE IMPORTANCE FACTOR I IS USED TO
INCREASE THE MARGIN OF SAFETY FOR
ESSENTIAL AND HAZARDOUS FACILITIES. FOR
SUCH
STRUCTURES
I=1.25.
ESSENTIAL
STRUCTURES ARE THOSE THAT MUST REMAIN
OPERATIVE IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING AN
EARTHQUAKE SUCH AS EMERGENCY TREATMENT
AREAS AND FIRE STATIONS. HAZARDOUS
FACILITIES INCLUDE THOSE HOUSING TOXIC OR
EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES.

BUILDING PERIOD T :
THE
BUILDING
PERIOD
MAY
BE
DETERMINED BY ANALYSIS OR USING EMPIRICAL
FORMULAS. A SINGLE EMPIRICAL FORMULA MAY
BE USED FOR ALL FRAMING SYSTEMS:
T = Ct h3/4
n
Ct =

0.035 FOR STEEL MOMENT FRAMES

0.030 FOR CONCRETE MOMENT FRAMES
0.030 FOR ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAMES
0.020 FOR ALL OTHER BUILDINGS.

hn = THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING IN FEET.

BUILDING PERIOD T :
IF THE PERIOD IS DETERMINED USING
RAYLEIGH'S FORMULA OR ANOTHER METHOD OF
ANALYSIS, THE VALUE OF T IS LIMITED. IN
SEISMIC ZONE 4, THE PERIOD CANNOT BE OVER
30% GREATER THAN THAT DETERMINED BY
EQUATION ABOVE AND IN ZONES 1, 2 AND 3 IT
CANNOT BE MORE THAN 40% GREATER. THIS
PROVISION IS INCLUDED TO ELIMINATE THE
POSSIBILITY OF USING AN EXCESSIVELY LONG
PERIOD TO JUSTIFY AN UNREASONABLY LOW
BASE SHEAR. THIS LIMITATION DOES NOT APPLY
WHEN CHECKING DRIFTS.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM CO-EFFICIENT R :

THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM COEFFICIENT, R IS A
MEASURE OF THE DUCTILITY AND OVERSTRENGTH
OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, BASED PRIMARILY ON
PERFORMANCE OF SIMILAR SYSTEMS IN PAST
EARTHQUAKES.
THE VALUES OF R FOR VARIOUS STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS ARE FOUND IN TABLE GIVEN AT THE END. A
HIGHER NUMBER HAS THE EFFECT OF REDUCING THE
DESIGN BASE SHEAR. FOR EXAMPLE, FOR A STEEL
SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME THE FACTOR
HAS VALUE OF 8.5, WHILE AND ORDINARY MOMENT
RESISTING FRAME THE VALUE IS 4.5. THIS REFLECTS
THE FACT THAT A SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING
FRAME IS EXPECTED TO PERFORM BETTER DURING
AN EARTHQUAKE.

SEISMIC DEAD LOAD W :

THE DEAD LOAD W, USED TO CALCULATE THE
BASE SHEAR, INCLUDES NOT ONLY THE TOTAL DEAD
LOAD OF THE STRUCTURES BUT ALSO PARTITIONS,
25% OF THE FLOOR LIVE LOAD IN STORAGE AND
WAREHOUSE OCCUPANCIES AND THE WEIGHT OF
SNOW WHEN THE DESIGN SNOW LOAD IS GREATER
THAN 30 POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT. THE SNOW
LOAD MAY BE REDUCED BY UP TO 75% IF ITS
DURATION IS SHORT.
THE RATIONALE FOR INCLUDING A PORTION OF
THE SNOW LOAD IN HEAVY SNOW AREAS IS THE FACT
THAT IN THESE AREAS A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF
ICE CAN BUILD UP AND REMAIN ON ROOFS.

SEISMIC CO-EFFICIENTS Cv & Ca :

THE SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS CV & CA ARE
MEASURES
OF
THE
EXPECTED
GROUND
ACCELERATION AT THE SITE. THEY MAY BE FOUND IN
TABLE GIVEN AT THE END.
THE CO-EFFICIENT, AND HENCE THE EXPECTED
GROUND ACCELERATIONS ARE DEPENDENT ON THE
SEISMIC ZONE AND SOIL PROFILE TYPE. THEY
THEREFORE REFLECT REGIONAL SEISMICITY AND
SOIL CONDITIONS AT THE SITE.
ADDITIONALLY IN SEISMIC ZONE 4 THEY ALSO
DEPEND ON THE SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE AND NEAR
SOURCE FACTORS NA AND NV. THESE FACTORS
REFLECT LOCAL SEISMICITY IN THE REGION OF
HIGHEST SEISMIC ACTIVITY.

SOIL PROFILE TYPE S :

THE SOIL PROFILE TYPE REFLECTS THE EFFECT
OF SOIL CONDITIONS AT THE SITE ON GROUND
MOTION. THEY ARE FOUND IN TABLE 5-5 AND ARE
LABELED SA, THROUGH SF.
THE SOIL PROFILE TYPES ARE BROADLY
DEFINED IN GENERIC TERMS, FOR EXAMPLE HARD
ROCK FOR TYPE SA. THEY ARE ALSO DEFINED BY THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL DETERMINED BY
STANDARD
TESTS
INCLUDING;
SHEAR
WAVE
VELOCITY, STANDARD PENETRATION TEST, AND
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH.

SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE A, B AND C:

THE SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE IS USED TO SPECIFY
THE CAPABILITY AND ACTIVITY OF FAULTS IN THE
IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF THE STRUCTURE. IT IS USED
ONLY IN SEISMIC ZONE 4
THE SEISMIC SOURCE TYPES, LABELED A, B OR
C, ARE FOUND IN TABLE GIVEN AT THE END. THEY ARE
DEFINED IN TERMS OF THE SLIP RATE OF THE FAULT
AND THE MAXIMUM MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE IT IS
CAPABLE OF GENERATING. FOR EXAMPLE, THE
HIGHEST SEISMIC RISK IS POSED BY SEISMIC SOURCE
TYPE A, WHICH IS DEFINED BY A MAXIMUM MOMENT
MAGNITUDE OF 7.0 OR GREATER AND A SLIP RATE OF
5MM/YEAR OR GREATER.

NEAR SOURCE FACTORS Na AND Nv :

THE NEAR SOURCE FACTORS NA AND NV ARE
FOUND IN TABLES GIVEN AT THE END. IN SEISMIC
ZONE 4, THEY ARE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE
SOIL PROFILE TYPE TO DETERMINE THE SEISMIC
COEFFICIENTS Cv AND Ca , FOR EXAMPLE, FOR
SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE A AT A DISTANCE TO THE
FAULT OF LESS THAN 2KM, NA = 1.5 , THIS IS THEN
USED TO DETERMINE THE SEISMIC CO-EFFICIENT, CA.

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE FX :

THE BASE SHEAR V, AS DETERMINED FROM
EMPERICAL
BASE
SHEAR
EQUATIONS
ARE
DISTRIBUTED OVER THE HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE
AS A FORCE AT EACH LEVEL FI , PLUS AN EXTRA FORCE
FT AT THE TOP:
V = Ft + Fi ( For i = 1 to i = n )
THE EXTRA FORCE AT THE TOP IS:
Ft = 0.07 TV 0.25 V if
T > 0.7 sec
Ft = 0.0
if T 0.7 sec
Ft ACCOUNTS FOR THE GREATER PARTICIPATION
OF HIGHER MODES IN THE RESPONSE OF LONGER
PERIOD STRUCTURES.

DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE FX :

THE REMAINING PORTION OF THE TOTAL BASE
SHEAR (V - FT) IS DISTRIBUTED OVER THE HEIGHT,
INCLUDING THE TOP, BY THE FORMULA:
(V - Ft) (wx hx)
FX =
wi hi
WHERE, W IS THE WEIGHT AT A PARTICULAR
LEVEL AND H IS THE HEIGHT OF A PARTICULAR LEVEL
ABOVE THE SHEAR BASE. AT EACH FLOOR, THE FORCE
IS LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF MASS.
FOR EQUAL STORY HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS,
EQUATION FOR FX . DISTRIBUTES THE FORCE
LINEARLY, INCREASING TOWARDS THE TOP. ANY
SIGNIFICANT VARIATION FROM THIS TRIANGULAR
DISTRIBUTION
INDICATES
AN
IRREGULAR
STRUCTURE.

SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR I :

VALUES OF SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS Cv :

VALUES OF SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS Ca :

SOIL PROFILE TYPES:

SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE:

NEAR SOURCE FACTOR Na :

NEAR SOURCE FACTOR Nv :

DESIGN EXAMPLE:
SEISMIC ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF A FIVE
STOREY COMMERCIAL BUILDING
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
A FIVE STOREY COMMERCIAL
BUILDING HAS PLAN DIMENSIONS AS SHOWN IN FIGURE
BELOW. DESIGN THE BUILDING FOR SEISMIC LOADS AS
PER UBC-97 CODES BY EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE
METHOD USING ETAB COMPUTER SOFTWARE.
THE SEISMIC FORCES IN A STRUCTURE DEPEND
ON A NUMBER OF FACTORS INCLUDING THE SIZE AND
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTHQUAKE,
DISTANCE FROM THE FAULT, SITE GEOLOGY, AND THE
TYPE OF LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM.

THE FACTORS CONSIDERED TO CALCULATE THE

EARTHQUAKE FORCES ON STRUCTURE ARE AS
GIVEN BELOW.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR
IMPORTANCE FACTOR
R FOR SMRF IS
SOIL PROFILE TYPE IS
ECCENTRICITY
Ct

SMRF
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD
Z = 0.4
I = 1.0
R = 8.5
SD ( STIFF SOIL)
0.05
0.030

DIMENSIONS:
BEAMS
12 X 18
COLUMNS 18 X 18
COLUMNS 18 DIA

THROUGHOUT
ALL INTERNAL COLUMNS
ALL THE COLUMNS AT OUTER
PERIPHERY.

GRAVITY LOADS:
LOAD ON SLAB
SUPER IMPOSED DEAD LOAD
SUPER IMPOSED DEAD LOAD
LIVE LOAD
LIVE LOAD

SDL = 50 Psf ROOF

SDL = 30 Psf ALL FLOORS
LL = 20 Psf ROOF
LL = 50 Psf ALL FLOORS

LOAD ON BEAMS
LOAD OF PARTITION WALLS
LOAD OF PARAPHET WALL

SDL = 990 lb/ft

SDL = 270 lb/ft

LATERAL LOAD:
EARTQUAKE LOAD CALCULATED BY
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD.

STEPS INVOLVED IN ETAB

1. MODELING
2. DEFINING
3. ASSIGNING
4. ANALYSIS
5. DESIGN

B
6'

C
10'

D
10'

E
10'

6'

12'-6"

12'-6"

8'

12'-6"

12'-6"

6'

2
1

PLAN

F
8'

G
10'

10'

I
10'

J
6'

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