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KINEMATICS

A branch of
Mechanics which
describes the
motion of objects
using words,
diagrams, numbers,
graphs, and
equations

KINEMATICS
Study of motion of bodies
without regard to the forces
acting on the body.

Particles
Has mass, but its
dimensions are negligible or
unimportant in the problem
being investigated.

Rigid body

A system of particles that


remain at fixed distances from
each other with no relative
translation or rotation among
them.

Differentiate distance and


displacement.

Distance a scalar quantity, the


total path covered by an object in
motion.
Displacement a vector quantity,
the shortest distance from the initial
to the final position of an object.

Speed
A scalar quantity
A measure of how fast an
object moves
Speed = distance / time

Instantaneous speed
=the speed of an object at any
one instant
= measured by the speedometer

Average speed
The measure of the total distance traveled at
a given period of time.

Velocity
A vector quantity
Rate of how an object changes its
position
Used to describe speed and direction

Acceleration

A vector quantity

Rate at which object changes its


velocity

How to accelerate an
object
change its speed
Change its direction
Change both speed and
direction

Constant
Acceleratio
n is
velocity
changing by a
constant
amount each
second

Acceleration

Acceleration

Positive Acceleration

Negative Acceleration

Describing motion using


vector diagrams

Describing motion using


Graphs

Position vs time graph


Velocity vs time graph
Acceleration vs time
graph

Graph Interpretation

PROBLEM SOLVING
1.What is the average speed of a
cheetah that sprints 100 m in 4 s?
How about if it sprints 50 m in 2 s?
2. If a car moves with an average speed
of 60 km/h for an hour, it will travel a
distance of 60 km.
a. How far would it travel if it
moved at this
rate for 4h.
b. for 10 h?

3. A particular car can go from rest to


90 km/h in 10 s. What is its
acceleration?
4. In 2.5 s a car increases its speed from
60 km/h to 65 km/h while a bicycle
goes from rest to 5 km/h. Which
undergoes the greater acceleration?
What is the acceleration of each
vehicle?

Questions
1. A girl moves at a constant speed in a
constant
direction. Say the same sentence in
fewer words.
2. The speedometer of a car moving to the
east reads
100 km/h. It passes another car that
moves to the
west at 100 km/ h. Do both cars have
the same
speed? Do they have the same
velocity?
3. During a certain period of time, the
speedometer

Uniformly Accelerated
Summary of Formulas:
Motion

v vo at

1 2
d vot at
2

v v 0 2ad
2

v f vo
2
v vo
2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A sprinter is able to produce an acceleration of
8.0 m/s2 for the first 0.75 s of a race. Calculate
the velocity of the sprinter at the end of the first
0.75 s?
2. Now suppose that the sprinter continues to run
at 6.0 m/s until the end of the race. After
crossing the finish line the sprinter decelerates
at 2.0 m/s2 . How long will it take her to stop?

3. If a freight train can accelerate at 0.050 m/s 2, how far


must it travel to increase its speed from 2.0 to 8.0 m/s?
B) How long will it take the train to accomplish this?

4. The human body can survive a negative acceleration


trauma incident (sudden stop) if the magnitude of the
acceleration is less than 250 m/s2. If you are in a car
accident with an initial speed of 105 km/h and are
stopped by an airbag that inflates from the dashboard,
over what distance must the airbag stop you for you to
survive the crash?

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
5 . An engineer is designing the runway for an
airport. Of the planes which will use the airport,
the lowest acceleration rate is likely to be 3
m/s2. The takeoff speed for this plane will be 65
m/s. Assuming this minimum acceleration,
what is the minimum allowed length for the
runway?
6. A car accelerates from 12 m/s to 25 m/s in 6s.
What was its acceleration? How far did it travel
in this time? Assume constant acceleration.

Questions
1. A girl moves at a constant speed in a
constant
direction. Say the same sentence in
fewer words.
2. The speedometer of a car moving to the
east reads
100 km/h. It passes another car that
moves to the
west at 100 km/ h. Do both cars have
the same
speed? Do they have the same
velocity?
3. During a certain period of time, the
speedometer

SEATWORK:
1. How long will it take a car to accelerate

from 10m/s to 13m/s if it produces an


acceleration of 3m/s2 ?
2. How long will it take a car to cover a
distance of 100 m if it accelerates from
rest at a rate of 4.0 m/s2 ?

SEATWORK:
3. How long will it take a car to cover a distance
of 250 m if it accelerates from rest at a rate of
4.0 m/s2 ?
4. A dolphin decelerates for 2.0 s from an initial
speed of 7.5 m/s in order to take a look at a
dolphin of the opposite sex. Calculate the
dolphins final speed if the deceleration had a
magnitude of 1.5 m/s2 .

SEATWORK:
5. An ice skater decelerates for 5.0 s to a final
speed of 12 m/s. If the deceleration was at a
rate of 1.5 m/s2 . What is the skaters initial
speed?

CHALLENGE PROBLEM:
A car 3.5 in length and traveling at a
constant speed of 20 m/s is approaching an
intersection. The width of the intersection
is 20m. The light turns yellow when the
front of the car is 50m from the beginning
of the intersection. If the driver steps on
the brake, the car will slow at -3.8 m/s2 . If
the driver instead steps on the gas pedal,
the car will accelerate at 2.3m/s2 . The light
will be yellow for 3.0s. Ignore the reaction
time of the driver. To avoid being in the
intersection while the light is red, should

CHALLENGE PROBLEM:
Two cars are 20 m apart. Car 1 is
initially at rest and car 2 is moving at
a speed of 19m/s to the left. The first
car started to accelerate at 2m/s2 to
the right and car 2 continues to move
at a constant velocity, when will the
two cars pass each other?

CHALLENGE PROBLEM:
Two cars are 50 m apart. Car 1 is
travelling at 12 m/s to the left while
car 2 is travelling at 10 m/s to the
right. If both cars accelerate at 2 m/s 2
, when will they pass each other?

ROAD SAFETY

Ref:
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/mpaine/speed.html#speedcra
sh

ROAD SAFETY

Ref: http://www.rotr.ie/rules-fordriving/speed-limits/speed-limits_2-second-

NO SPEED LIMIT!

Free fall
An object falls
under the
influence of
gravity alone
It is not affected
by air resistance

Free fall
Acceleratio
n due to
gravity =
9.8 m/s2

Free-fall equations
Summary of Formulas:

v vo gt
1 2
d vot gt
2

v v 0 2 gd
2

How fast an object falls

v = gt
v = velocity
g= acceleration due to
gravity
t = time

How far

d = (1/2)
2
gt

d= distance
g= acceleration due to
gravity
t = time

THE VANISHING COIN

Free- fall

Happens if the only force acting on the object


is the gravitational force

d = (1/2) gt2
t=

Average

reaction time of a person =

0.16 s

d = 1.5 cm or 0.015 m
g = 9.8 m/s2

t=

t = 0.055s

1. A cat steps off a ledge and drops to the


ground in second.
a. What is its speed on striking the
ground?
b. How high is the ledge from the
ground?
2. What is the velocity acquired by a freely
falling object 5s after being dropped from
a rest position? What is it 6s after? If it has
reached the ground after 10s, from what
height was it dropped? What is its velocity
before hitting the ground?

3. A properly motivated kangaroo can jump


over an object 2.5 m high. A) Calculate its
speed when it left the ground. B) Calculate
its speed when it returns to the ground.
4. A child throws a ball straight down off
the balcony of an apartment building at a
speed of 7.5 m/s. a) Calculate the position
and the velocity of the ball 1 and 2 s later.
B) Make same calculations if the ball is
thrown straight up.

5. A rock is thrown straight up with an


initial speed of 10 m/s. a) What distance
does the rock rise above its point of
release? b) How long does it take the rock
to reach its highest point?
6. A stone is thrown vertically upward with
a speed of 12 m/s from the edge of a cliff
75 m high. A) How much later does it reach
the bottom of the cliff? What is its speed
just before hitting the bottom? What is the
total distance travelled?

7. A youngster throws a rock from a bridge


into the river 50 m below. The rock has a
speed of 15m/s when it leaves the
youngsters hand.How much later does it
strike the water? Calculate the velocity of
the rock when it strikes the water a) if it is
thrown straight upward ; b) if its is thrown
straight downward.

Seatwork
1. A boulder is ejected straight up out of a
volcano at a speed of 80 m/s. a) To what
maximum height will it rise above the point
where it was ejected?
2. A rock is dropped into a 60.0 m deep
well. A) Neglecting air resistance, how long
will it take the rock to reach the bottom? B)
calculate the position of the rock 1,2 and 3
s after its release.

3. A rock is thrown from the rooftop 10 m


from the ground. It is thrown with an initial
velocity of 12m/s. How much later does it
strike the water? Calculate the velocity of
the rock when it strikes the water a) if it is
thrown straight upward ; b) if its is thrown
straight downward.
4. If a rock is dropped from a high cliff, how
fast will it be going when it has fallen
100m?b) How long will it take to fall this
distance?

CHALLENGE PROBLEM:
A rock is dropped from a sea cliff and
the sound of it striking the ocean is
heard 3.4 s later. If the speed of
sound is 340m/s, how high is the cliff?

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