Foundation Intro

Foundation Engineering
Introduction
Steps in Foundation Engineering
Understand project and site

Develop design criteria
Identify possible foundation alternatives
Conduct soil investigation
Characterize the site
Engineering analysis to evaluate alternatives
Develop recommendation and write report
Monitor design, construction and performance
2

Project intent (from owner)
Assess general soil and site conditionPrevious borings, maps, reports etc
Previous experience in the area-Adjacent
structure (how they were constructed and
how they were performed)
Constraints-local building codes,
neighboring facilities, access issues,
economic limitations
4

5

Allowable settlement and tilt
Acceptable factor of safety
Identify constructabilty issues
Obtain design loads
Building codes
Allowable settlement - total

settlement, tilt and differential
settlement
Type of structure Total allowable
settlement (mm)
Office building
12 to 50 (25 is the
most common
value)
Heavy industrial
building
25 to 75
Bridges
50
8
Tilt and differential

settlement Causes
Non uniform site condition
Ratio of actual to design load
differs over structure
Ratio of dead load to live load
differs over structure
Built dimensions differ from plan
dimensions
9
Effects differential settlement

Stresses in structures
Cracking
Architectural and structural
damage
10
Effects tilt
Uncomfortable feeling
Lack of stability
11
12
13
14
15

Allowable settlement and tilt
Acceptable factor of safety
Identify constructabilty issues
Obtain design loads
Building codes
16
17
18

19
Identify possible foundation

alternatives
Consider types of foundations
Assess benefits and potential
problems with each
20
21
22
23
24

25
26
27
28

29
30
31
32

33
Monitor design,
construction, and
performance:summary
Foundation design is just assessing all
your options through analysis and
choosing the best one
Requires understanding of site and
project, ability to consider what might
go wrong
Soil mechanics is the tool that help you
select, design and construct foundation
elements and earth structures
34
Summary:Contd
Failure is an unacceptable difference
between expected and observed
behavior
Key goal as foundation engineer-build
economic foundation that works (safe
and serviceable)
Build with confidence- use field work,
lab results, analysis and design but at
the end, use what works
Use rules of thumb when possible to
check for reasonableness
35
Classification of
foundation
Shallow foundation
less expensive, better
for lighter structure on
less problematic soils.
Typical types
spread footings and
rafts or mats
Deep foundations
More expensive,
typically used for
heavy tall structures
on more problematic
soils. Typical types
driven piles, drilled
piers
36
Design requirements
Safety adequate factor of safety
against shear failure of soil, qsafe = qult/FS,
where q is the bearing pressure
Serviceability acceptable magnitude of
settlements (including immediate,
consolidation and secondary
compression)
Maximum load that satisfies both is
allowable bearing pressure, qa
37
38
Deep Foundations: Need

Fill or poor soil conditions near to the
surface, so that excavation for
footing foundations would be difficult
and expensive
Ground permeabilities and ground
water conditions likely to make it
difficult and expensive to exclude
water from excavations
39
Need: contd
To get acceptable bearing capacity
which may be difficult to achieve by
footing foundations
To keep the settlement within an
acceptable limit which may be difficult
to achieve in footing foundations
Foundations to carry heavy column
load
40
Need: Contd
Foundations required to take large uplift
forces when tension piles may be
cheaper than providing the necessary
footing size with the mass to resist uplift
Foundations required to be stiffer than
can be achieved with footings or raft
Poor soil condition where ground
improvement techniques may prove
more expensive than piles
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Deep Foundation Types

Piles
Drilled piers
Caissons
50
Functional features are similareach typically subjected to an

axial load. Sometimes piles and
caissons serve as anchors for
special installations
Difference is primarily in their
physical size and method of
installation
51
Piles:
Specially installed relatively slender
columns used to transmit structural
loads to a lower, firmer soil or rock
formation
Diameter is generally less than 750
mm
The pile may be of concrete, steel,
timber or a composite of steel and
concrete
52
Drilled pier/Caissons:
In general sense drilled piers and caissons
are larger piles. Usually 750 mm or more in
diameter
The terms drilled piers and caissons, are
frequently used interchangeably by engineer
For drilled piers, typically a shaft is drilled
into the soil which is then filled with concrete
The shaft may be cased with a metal shell in
order to maintain the shaft from collapsing
53
Drilled pier/Caissons:
The casing may be left in the place as
part of the pier or it may be gradually
withdrawn as the shaft is filled concrete
The lower part of the shaft may be
uncut or belled out to develop a larger
end bearing area, thereby increasing
the capacity of the piers
Typically, drilled piers and caissons are
designed as end bearing members
54
Pile foundations:
Classifications based on material
Timber
Steel
Concrete
Composite
55
Material selection Criterion
Corrosive properties of the stratum

Fluctuation in water table
Ease of installation
Length required
Availability of material
Installation equipment
Restrictions in driving noise and
vibrations and
Cost
56
Customary design loads for piles

Type of pile
Wood
Load in tons (1 ton = 8.896

kN)
15-30
Composite
20-30
Cast in place concrete
30-50
Precast reinforced concrete
30-50
Steel pipe concrete

filled
Steel H-section
40-60
30-60
57
Pile type
Available maximum length
Steel H and pipe
Unlimited length; short sections are

driven and additional sections are field
welded to obtain a desire length
Steel shell and cast

in place
Typically between 100 to 125 ft
Precast concrete
Solid small cross section up to 60 ft,

large diameter cylinder pile can be up to
200 ft long
Cast in place
concrete
50 - 75 ft depending on equipment
Bulb type cast in

place concrete
Up to about 100 ft
Composite
Depends on many factor maximum can

be up to 150 ft
Timber
Depends on wood type. Usual 50-60 ft,

limited quantity 75 ft, up to 100 ft
possible but very limited
58
Classification: Based on
function
End bearing
Friction
Tension or uplift
Compaction pile
Anchor
Batter pile
Laterally loaded pile
Sheet pile
59
60
Classification: Based on
installation
Driven pile
Cast in situ pile
61
62
63
Pile capacity:
Single pile
Piles in group
64
Single Pile
Friction pile
End bearing pile
Both friction and end bearing
65
66
67
The load is transmitted to the

soil surrounding the pile by
friction or adhesion between the
soil and the sides of the pile,
and/or the load is transmitted
directly to the soil just below the
piles tip. This can be expressed
in equation form as follows:
68
Qultimate Q friction Qtip

Q friction f . Asurface
Qtip q. Atip
69
Qultimate = ultimate capacity of the pile

Qfriction = pile capacity furnished by friction or adhesion
between the soil and the sides of the pile
Qtip = pile capacity furnished by the soil just below the piles
tip
f = unit skin friction or adhesion between the soil and the
sides of the pile
Asurface = Vertical surface area of the pile (for a circular pile of
diameter D and length L, Asurface = D L)
Atip = area at the piles tip (for a circular pile of diameter D,
Atip = D2/4)
q = ultimate bearing capacity of soil at the piles tip
70
End bearing pile Qtip is

predominant
Friction pile Qfriction is

predominant
71
Pile driven in
sand:
Total capacity is summation of
friction capacity and end bearing
capacity
Qultimate Q friction Qtip

72
Estimation of Qfriction
Q friction f . Asurface
can be evaluated by multiplying the coefficient
of friction between sand and pile surface (tan )
by the total horizontal soil pressure acting on
the pile
73
Material
tan
Concrete
0.45
Wood
0.40
Steel (smooth)
0.20
Steel (Rough)
0.40
Steel
(corrugated)
tan of sand
74
Horizontal soil pressure: The total

horizontal soil pressure acting on the pile is
function of effective vertical pressure of soil
adjacent to the pile. Soil pressure normally
increases as depth increases. However, it
has been determined that the effective
vertical pressure of soil adjacent to a pile
does not increase without limit as depth
increases. Instead, effective vertical
pressure increases as depth increases until
a certain depth of penetration is reached.
Below this depth, which is called the critical
depth and denoted as Dc, effective vertical
pressure remains more or less constant
75
Eff. Ver. Pressure= v

v =
Z
Depth,
Z
Dc
, max
v = constant
Dc is the critical depth = 10 D for

loose soil and 20 D for dense soil
76
Dc
Q friction [ (Zdz ) ( L Dc ) Dc ]K tan D

0
Dc 2
L Dc Dc K tan D
2
L is the length of the pile

D is the diameter of the pile
K is the coefficient of active earth
pressure
77
Estimation of Qtip
Qtip q. Atip
q D f N q 0.3DN for circular

piles
q D f N q 0.4BN
for square piles
Where q is the bearing capacity at the pile tip, is the

unit weight of soil, Df is the embedded length of the
pile, Nq and N are bearing capacity factors, D is the
diameter of the circular pile, and B is the width of the
78
square pile
It can be noted that these equations have the

same general form as the bearing capacity
equations of shallow foundations. However,
the magnitude of effective vertical pressure of
soil adjacent to a pile is more or less constant
below the critical depth. Thus, for design
purposes, the term DfNq should be replaced
by (v)tipNq, where (v)tip is the effective vertical
pressure adjacent to the pile at the pile tip.
Further, in most cases, driven piles are
relatively small in cross section; therefore, the
terms involving D and B are small compared to
the other terms in the equation.
79
Thus, for practical work, it may be approximated
q ( v ) tip N q
'
80
The soil just below the pile tip is displaced

outward and upward, causing shearing
stresses to be induced in the soil above the
tip. These stresses alter shear patterns
below the tip as compared with those for
shallow footings. Hence the value of Nq for
shallow foundations should be increased to
Nq*, the bearing capacity factor for piles
driven in sand
'
*
v tip
q
'
tip
is generally equals to Dc
81
82
Total capacity of a circular

pile driven in sand
Dc 2
* D 2
Q
L Dc Dc K tan D Dc N q
4
2
83
Pile Driven in
Clay
Q friction f . Asurface c Asurface
84
85
f is the unit friction, c is the cohesion

and is the adhesion factor. For soft
clay = 1, and for stiff clays <1.0
Qtip qAtip
q cN c D f cN c
(for =0.0, Nq=1.0 and N = 0.0)
86
Hence total capacity of a

circular pile driven in clay
Q cN c DL cN c D / 4
2
87
88
89
90
91
Test pile
One (sometime more than one for bigger
project) of the designed piles on which load
tests are carried out. Normally piles are
designed initially by analytic or other
methods, based on estimated load and soil
characteristics. Pile load tests are performed
on test pile during the design stage to check
the design capacity
92
Results from the pile tests could

be the source of most useful
information in at least two
general aspects:
In determining the ultimate bearing capacity

of the pile
In evaluating the deflection characteristics
of the pile
93
With regard to the ultimate bearing

capacity or expected settlement, one
may reflect on several additional and
tangential benefits. For example, if the
capacity of the pile is different or
settlement is excessive from that
desired, the pile length, diameter, and
details of installation can be adjusted
prior to the installation of rest of the
piles
94
A side, but equally important benefit

from the installation and testing of a
test pile, prior to the installation of the
rest, is general information about the
site conditions with regard to potential
problems which may or may not be
fully reflected in prior soil subsurface
investigations
95
Though the pile load test is the most

reliable means of the determining
the load capacity of a pile or
estimating settlement, one should
not assume that load tests are
unquestionably accurate. The test
results may be misleading if the
relevant factors are overlooked:
96
1. Time lapse should be provided between

the time of installation and the time of test
loading (minimum three to four days for
granular stratum and about a month for
clayey soils). This is the time normally
required for the respective soils to regain
the strength lost during the driving
operation. In the case of concrete piles a
minimum time is also required to develop
the material strength
97
2. The specific location for the

installation and subsequent testing of
the pile must be representative of the
overall site if the test results are to
be representative of the rest of the
piles. It is common practice on the
part of the engineers to select the
most unfavorable conditions of the
site
98
3. The pile characteristics, such as

length, diameter, installation method,
must closely resemble those of the piles
to be installed
99
100
101
102
103
104
Negative skin Friction
Compressible
layer
105
Pile In group: The behavior of a

group of piles is different from that
of individual piles in number of rows
In general, bearing capacity of a group of
piles is less than the sum of the capacity of
individual pile
The settlement of a pile group is larger than
that of individual pile for corresponding
level of loading
The efficiency of the pile group is less than
that of s single pile
106
107
In spite of these shortcomings, a

pile group is a much more common
occurrence than a single pile. Single
pile lack the overall stability against
overturning, a deficiency that is
easily overcome by a cluster of piles
108
For column a minimum of two piles,

but more commonly three or more
piles, are clustered in a group and
connected via a concrete cap to form
a unit
For walls a line of single piles is
common
109
110
Efficiency of a pile
group:
Qg
nQi
Where Qg is the group capacity and Qi is
the individual capacity of pile and n is
the number of piles in the group
111
End bearing piles an efficiency of 1.0

may be assumed
Friction pile driven in cohesionless soil
an efficiency of 1.0 may also be
assumed
For a pile group composed of friction
pile driven in cohesive soil, an
efficiency of less than 1.0 is to be
expected
112
Efficiency by the Converse-Labarre

equation:
n 1 m m 1 n
1
90mn
where = tan-1(d/s), deg

n = number piles in a row
m = number of rows of piles
d = diameter of the pile
s = spacing of the piles, center to center
113
For friction piles driven in cohesive

soil, Coyle and Sulaiman suggested
that pile-group efficiency may be
assumed vary linearly from a value
of 0.7 at a pile spacing of three times
the diameter to a value of 1.0 at a
pile spacing of eight times the pile
diameter.
114
For pile spacing less than three

times the pile diameter, group
capacity may be considered as block
capacity, and total capacity can be
estimated by treating the group as a
pier.
115
For pile spacing less than three times

the pile diameter, the group capacity
can be obtained applying the
following equation:
Q g 2 DW L f 1.3cN cWL
116
L
117
where D is the depth of pile group

W is the width of pile group
L is the length of the pile group
f is the unit adhesion developed between
cohesive soil and pile surface (equal to
c)
c is the cohesion
Nc is the bearing capacity factor for a
shallow rectangular footing
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
Problem 1: A pile group consists of nine friction piles

in clay soils (Fig. Q.4). The diameter of each pile is 0.4
m and the embedded length is 9 m. Center to center
pile spacing is 1.2 m. Soil conditions are shown in Fig.
Q.4. Determine (i) the block capacity of pile group
using a factor of safety of 3, (ii) allowable group
capacity based on individual pile failure (use a factor
of safety of 2, along with the Converse-Labarre
equation for pile group efficiency), and (iii) design
capacity of the pile group
125
1.
2
1.
2
1.
2
1.
2
QDesign= ?
9.
0
Clay
Unconfined
Compressive strength,
qu = 100 kN/m2
= 18.0 kN/m3
Dimensions are in meter
126
Solution:c = qu/2 = 120/2 = 60 kN/m2

Qult
D 2
0.4 2
0.75 60 0.4 L 9.0 60.0
c DL cN c
4
4
(Assuming length of the pile is L)

Given Qult = 2350=700 kN (2)
Equating (1) and (2),
L = 11.2 m
127

n 1 m m 1 n
1
0.73
90mn
tan 1 d s tan 1 400 1200 18.43 deg

(n = 3, m = 3)
Capacity of the group based on the

individual pile failure
Q g n Qi 0.73 9.0 350 2300 kN

128
Based on block failure

Size of the block W = L = 2S + d = 2800 mm =
2.8 m
D = 11.2 m
Q g ,ult 2W L D c 1.3cN c W L
2 (2.8 2.8) 11.2 0.75 60.0 1.3 60.0 5.14 (2.8 2.8)
8788 kN
Q g ,all
Q g ,ult
8788
2930 kN
FS
3
Qdesign = 2300 kN
129
Problem 2: A 0.5-m diameter steel pile is driven

into dense sand. The pile is driven with the tip
closed by a flat plate. The closed end, steel pipe pile
is filled with concrete after driving. The embedded
length of the pile is 20.0-m and water table is at 4 m
depth from ground surface. Soils unit weight, =
20.5 kN/m3, = 370, K = 0.9 and tan = 0.4.
Determine the design capacity of the pile , using a
factor of safety of 2.0
130
Solution:Pile is driven in Dense sand

Hence, Dc = 20D = 10.0 m
v 20.5 4.0 82.0 kN / m 2

'
at 4.0 m depth
v 20.5 4.0 (20.5 10) 6.0 82.0 63.0 145.0 kN / m 2

'
at 10.0 m depth i.e., at critical depth

Distribution of effective vertical stress over depth
along the length of the pile is shown in the Figure.
1
1
qs [ 4.0 82.0 82.0 63.0 6.0 10.0 145.0] 0.9 0.4 737.6 kN / m2
2
2
131
62.0
63.0
kN/m2
4m
6m
10 m
132
qt ( v ) tip N q 145.0 90.0 13050 kN / m

'
Qult q s As qt At 737.6 0.5 13050.0 0.5 2 / 4 3719 kN
Qall = Qult/FS = 3719/2 = 1860

kN
133

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Foundation Engineering

Steps in Foundation Engineering

Understand project and site

Understand project and site

Steps in Foundation Engineering

Understand project and site

Develop design criteria

Allowable settlement - total

Tilt and differential

Effects differential settlement

Develop design criteria

Steps in Foundation Engineering

Understand project and site

Identify possible foundation

Steps in Foundation Engineering

Understand project and site

Steps in Foundation Engineering

Understand project and site

Steps in Foundation Engineering

Understand project and site

Deep Foundations: Need

Deep Foundation Types

Functional features are similareach typically subjected to an

Material selection Criterion

Corrosive properties of the stratum

Customary design loads for piles

Load in tons (1 ton = 8.896

Cast in place concrete

Precast reinforced concrete

Steel pipe concrete

Available maximum length

Steel H and pipe

Unlimited length; short sections are

Steel shell and cast

Typically between 100 to 125 ft

Solid small cross section up to 60 ft,

Bulb type cast in

Depends on many factor maximum can

Depends on wood type. Usual 50-60 ft,

The load is transmitted to the

Qultimate Q friction Qtip

Qultimate = ultimate capacity of the pile

End bearing pile Qtip is

Friction pile Qfriction is

Qultimate Q friction Qtip

Horizontal soil pressure: The total

Eff. Ver. Pressure= v

Dc is the critical depth = 10 D for

Q friction [ (Zdz ) ( L Dc ) Dc ]K tan D

L is the length of the pile

q D f N q 0.3DN for circular

for square piles

Where q is the bearing capacity at the pile tip, is the

It can be noted that these equations have the

Thus, for practical work, it may be approximated

The soil just below the pile tip is displaced

Total capacity of a circular

Q friction f . Asurface c Asurface

f is the unit friction, c is the cohesion

(for =0.0, Nq=1.0 and N = 0.0)

Hence total capacity of a

Results from the pile tests could

In determining the ultimate bearing capacity

With regard to the ultimate bearing