Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Safety?
Health
physical and social well being
Safety
freedom from unacceptable risk of harm
Welfare
looking after peoples basic needs
Environment
the surroundings in which an organisation
operates
Definitions
Accident
An unplanned, unwanted event which
results in a loss of some kind
ILO Definitions
Occupational injury
death, personal injury or disease
resulting from an occupational accident
Commuting accident
ILO Definitions
Near miss
An unplanned, unwanted event that had the
potential to result in a loss
Dangerous occurrence
Event as defined under national laws and
regulations, with potential to cause an injury
or disease to persons at work or the public
Occupational disease
A disease contracted as a result of an
exposure to risk factors arising from work
activity
Hazard
something with the potential to cause
harm
Risk
the likelihood that harm will occur, and
the severity of harm
Moral
reasons
Legal
reasons
Financial
reasons
1. Moral
334,000 fatalities
2. Legal
Civil law
compensation payments
Criminal law
punishment
Civil Law
Compensation payments
Action by an individual against another
individual or body
Civil courts
Insurance schemes to pay damages
Punitive damages
where a Defendant has broken the law
such as
an abuse of power by a government
employee
or conduct motivated by a focus on profit
Liability
Fault liability - the Claimant must show that
they were owed a duty of care
the duty of care was breached
the breach of the duty of care led to the injury or
loss
No fault liability
Employer liable for actions of employees
Criminal Law
Punishment
Offence against society
Minimum standards
Prescriptive
Goal setting
Punishments
Fines
Imprisonment
Etc
3 - Financial Reasons
Sales @ 1%
Sales @ 2%
Sales @ 4%
25,000
2,500,000
1,250,000
625,000
Uninsured costs
Product/material damage
Plant/building damage
Legal costs
Emergency supplies
Site clearance
Production delays
Overtime
Investigation time
Clerical effort
Loss of expertise
UK
HASAWA 1974
Management Regulations
Enforcement
Informal
verbal
in writing
Formal
improvement notice
prohibition notice
prosecution
Implementation of Legislation
European standards
CEN
CENELEC
Sources of Information
Sources of Information
Internal
Risk assessments
Policies
Inspection reports
Medical records
Accident records
Safety committee minutes
Plant registers
Health and Safety Practitioner (Advisor/Officer etc)
Health and Safety Representative
Company safety library
Sources of Information
External
Government sources
National Safety Organisations
Suppliers and manufactures
International, European & British
Standards
Consultants and specialists
Worker insurance companies and unions
The internet
ILO-OSH 2001
OHSAS 18000
HSG65
Management systems
align health and safety objectives with business
objectives
establish a framework for health and safety
management
establish a set of effectively communicated
policies, procedures and objectives
establish a continuous improvement framework
provide an auditable baseline for performance
1.Policy
2.Organising
3.Planning and implementation
4.Evaluation
5.Action for improvement
Emphasis on continual improvement
Audit
Review
Objectives
protect people from injury and ill health
comply with legal requirements
manage health and safety
Policy Layout
1. Statement of
Intent
2. Organisation
3. Arrangements
Communicates the
importance of and
commitment to health
and safety
Who is responsible
for what
Commitment to
effective leadership
continuous improvement
complying with the law
allocating resources
communication and consultation
Recognition of personnel
Policy Organisation
Identify key roles
Clearly define roles and responsibilities
of management and workers
Arrangements
Detail of how
responsibilities will
be carried out
Planning
annual plan
Organising
consultation
training
Controlling
risk assessment
common hazards
contractors
Monitoring
inspections
noise, hazardous
substances, etc
accident statistics
Reviewing
regular review
Targets
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
Rates of injury
Incidence rates
Frequency rates
Benchmarking
Measurement tool to compare performance
internally or externally
Review
Ineffective Policies
Organisation
Inputs
Processes
Outputs
Externally
Persons in control of premises
Self employed
Supply chain
Clients and contractors
Provide a safe
workplace
Do not levy
charges
Duties of
Employers
Provide information,
instructions,
training, supervision
Provide
consultation
Provide
emergency
procedures
Provide
adequate
welfare facilities
Duties of Employees
Controllers of Premises
Enforcing Authority
Equipment
Fire Service
Insurance companies
Contractors
External consultants
Architects and engineers
manufacturers and
suppliers
Clients and
customers
The Police
Occupational health
practitioners
Members of the
public
The media
Management of Contractors
Management of Contractors
Client
Responsibilities
Contractor
Responsibilities
H&S of employees
contractor employees
H&S of employees
client employees
Type of Contract
Labour only
Fixed price
Totally separate sites
Step 3 Controlling
Contractors on Site
Step 4 Checking
Contractors Work
Step 5 Reviewing
the Contractors
Performance
Culture is
the product of individual and
group values, attitudes,
competencies and patterns of
behaviour that determine the
commitment to, and the style and
proficiency of, an organisation's
health and safety programmes
the way we do things around
here
Number of Accidents
Safe place
Safe person
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
INDIVIDUAL
ORGANISATION
Culture, leadership,
resources, work patterns,
communications..
Competence, skills
personality, attitude,
perception..
JOB
Positive Culture
Tangible outputs
increased
compliance with rules and procedures
staff morale
reduced
staff complaints
staff turnover
absenteeism
sickness and accident rates
Organisational Factors
Planning
Organising
Controlling
Monitoring
Reviewing
Internal Influences
C_________?
C_________?
C_____?
C_-_________?
C_____________?
Production/service demands?
External Influences
Societys
expectations
Economic
conditions
Unions and
Stakeholders
Political
priorities
The
Organisation
Insurance
companies
Legislation
and
enforcement
Agencies
Pressure
groups
Cultural Change
Factors include
Management Commitment
Factors include
robust management system
senior management leadership by example
targets for each manager
management training
provision of resources
measurement of targets
recognition of good performance
Job Factors
Ergonomics
Extent of decision making
Procedures, information and
instruction
Working environment
Maintenance of workplace and
equipment
Working time
Ergonomics
The study of humans and how they interact with
work equipment
work environment
work method
Individual capability
Complexity of the job
Degree of automation
Knowledge of risk
Encouragement to seek assistance
Availability of information and
assistance
Working Environment
Poor maintenance
Poor housekeeping
Unsociable hours
Fatigue
Recovery period
Individual Differences
Physical
age
physique
physical condition
gender
Psychological
attitude
aptitude
motivation
perception
personality
Socio-cultural
education
experience
home life
peer groups
job satisfaction
job security
Immaturity
Lack of training and/or
experience
Attitude
Attitude
the tendency to respond in a particular
way to a given situation
Influences
background
personality
anxiety
experience
expectation
peer group
Ability
capacity to perform a particular physical or
mental function
Aptitude
natural predisposition towards an ability
Perception
Perception
the way people interpret and make sense
of presented information
sensory input
mental processing
Perception
Perception
Motivation
The driving force
Self
realisation
achievement
Self esteem
ego, status
Social
group affinity
Safety
emotional
and physical
Physiological
basic needs
Maslows Hierarchy
of Needs
Lack of motivation
Unrealistic working procedures
Lack of management commitment
Over-familiarisation with the task
Repetitive work
Peer group pressure
Inadequate or ineffective supervision
Fatigue and stress
Lack of information, training and consultation
Job insecurity
Human Failures
Skill based
errors
Errors
Slips of
action
Lapses of
memory
Rule based
Mistakes
Human
failures
Routine
Violations
Situational
Exceptional
Knowledge
based
Competence
Motivation
Role clarity
Supervision
Information and instructions
Drugs and alcohol prevention policies
Environmental conditions
Task design
Issue
Below 18
years old
20s to
30s
40s to
50s
60+
Discipline
Reward
Inform
Facilitate
Train
Defect reporting
Suggestion schemes
Training and information
Health and safety committee
Joint inspections
Mentoring new and inexperienced workers
Competence
knowledge
skills
experience
personal qualities
knowledge of
limitations
3.
4.
5.
6.
Induction training
Additional training
new or increased risks
Refresher training
Requires
personal competence
knowledge and understanding
purpose
Barriers to Communication
Presenter
and/or
Message
jargon
ambiguity
complexity
Receiver
sensory
impairment
learning issues
inexperience
motivation
Place
noise
PPE
distractions
Exam question
Methods of Communication
Written
safety policy
handbooks
risk assessments
health and safety articles
letters and memoranda
minutes
press releases
accident reports
Methods of Communication
Oral
tool-box talks
demonstrations
informal training sessions
team briefings/meetings
safety committee
lectures
telephone
discussions
instructions
Methods of Communication
Visual
posters and notices
photographs
videos
charts/graphs
body language
Toolbox Talks
Consider
target audience
training style and methods
number of trainees
time available
skills required of the trainer
training aids required
training facilities
evaluating the effectiveness of the talk
Propaganda
Visual Communication
Posters
advantages and disadvantages?
Functions
Represent employees on general health
and safety matters
Investigate hazards, accidents and
complaints
Carry out inspections of the workplace
Consult with enforcement inspectors
Attend Safety Committees
ILO C155
Access to the workplace and workers
Protection from dismissal etc
Contribute to the decision making process
Contact enforcement officers
Contribute to negotiations
Receive appropriate training
Reasonable paid time to perform their
duties
Reasonable facilities
Objectives
study of statistics/trends
examination of safety audit reports
consideration of reports and information
assist the development of procedures
monitor training, communications,
publicity
link with enforcement authority
Committee Meetings
Agenda items
review of
Effective Committees
Ineffective Committees
RISK
Likelihood and the
severity of the harm
Competence
Experience and training
identifying hazards
risk assessment
HSE Guidance
Workplace
inspections
Nonemployees
Agency workers
Contractors
Visitors
Members of the public
Vulnerable groups
Young workers
New and expectant
mothers
Night workers
Home workers
Lone workers
Disabled staff
Risk estimation
likelihood and severity
Risk Estimation
Hierarchy of Controls
Eliminate the hazard
Reduce the hazard
Isolate the hazard
Control the hazard
Provide PPE
and a system of Discipline
to ensure the above
measures are effective
Safe
Place
Safe
Person
Residual risk
Prioritisation based on risk
Issues
lack of knowledge
body not fully developed
attitude
take risks
peer group influence
over enthusiastic
Issues
development of the unborn child
health of the mother
Aspects of pregnancy
backache
tiredness etc
Chemical Agents
Biological Agents
Working Conditions
mining, DSE, etc
Issues
reduced mobility
access to welfare
facilities
reduced
sensory input
communication
reach distances
Solution
consider disabled
persons during risk
assessment
make reasonable
adjustments
Situations
one person on
premises
working separately
outside normal
working hours
away from base
Risks
condition of location
equipment
pregnant, young or
disabled
no emergency
facilities
no training,
supervision and
communication
Exam Question
The factors that should be considered when carrying out the risk
assessment are:
1. The nature of the activities being undertaken including what is
being done, where, and any equipment and materials involved.
2. The hazards involved which could arise from the process and cause
injury or ill health or both. For example, these might include
machinery hazards such as traps or entanglement leading to
crushing of hands etc.
3. The likelihood and severity of harm that could be caused to enable
a simple estimation of the priorities for further control measures to
be introduced.
4. The number of employees exposed to the hazards. Generally, the
more people exposed the more likely it is that someone will suffer
harm.
5. The duration of exposure to the hazards. For example, the longer
individuals are exposed to a noise hazard, the greater their
chances of becoming deaf.
6. The competence of those carrying out the work. What skills and
knowledge do individuals require for the safe operation of the
process.
7. An evaluation of existing control measures such as machine guards
or personal protective equipment. Are these suitable or are more
effective controls required?
8. The competence of those conducting the assessment. Do they
have the training and experience and knowledge of the process to
be able to effectively conduct the assessment?
Safe Place
Eliminate
Reduce
Isolate
Control
PPE
Discipline
Safe Person
Benefits of PPE
Low cost
Short term measure
Portable
Disposable PPE reduces the risk of
infection
Limitations of PPE
It
It
It
It
It
Provision of PPE
Risk assessment
other measures reduce the risk at source
Effective PPE
hazards, risks, ergonomics
duration, standards
Provision of PPE
Compatibility of PPE
Maintenance and replacement of PPE
Accommodation for PPE
Information, instruction and training
Cost of PPE
Use of PPE
Factors that affect use include
fit
health of worker
period of use
comfort
maintenance
training
interference
management commitment
Head
Eye protection
Feet
Hands and arms
Body
Respiratory
PPE
Head
Eyes
Feet and legs
Hands
Whole body
Lungs
Crash helmets
Safety helmets
Bump caps
Hair nets
PPE
Head
Eyes
Feet and legs
Hands
Whole body
Lungs
Safety spectacles
Eye shields
Safety goggles
Face shields
PPE
Head
Eyes
Feet and legs
Hands
Whole body
Lungs
Anti-pierce
Anti-static
Chemical resistant
Hot metal
Thermal insulation
PPE
Head
Eyes
Feet and legs
Hands
Whole body
Lungs
Kevlar or chainmail
Leather
Rubber
PPE
Head
Eyes
Feet and legs
Hands
Whole body
Lungs
Temperature extremes
Chemical resistance
High visibility
Waterproof
Falls
PPE
Head
Eyes
Feet and legs
Hands
Whole body
Lungs
Respirators
Breathing apparatus
WEL = 35 PPM
Minimum APF = 2
Respiratory Protection
Respirator - filters
Breathing apparatus
- supplies purified
air
air hose
air line
self-contained
breathing apparatus
Limitations
Respirator
Breathing Apparatus
Heavy backpacks
or obstructions
Sign board
Illuminated sign
Acoustic signal
Verbal communication
Hand signal
Warning tape
Warning sign
Objective
pictorial symbols
standard shapes
standard colours
Safety Signs
Key Elements
workers
Familiarity breeds contempt
Established by
written instruction
training
enforced
Competence
Issue
Receipt
Clearance
Cancellation
Extensions
Hazards may
be present in the confined space
enter the confined space
be introduced by the work
Specified Risks
Fire or explosion
Loss of consciousness due to
increased body temperature
asphyxiation
Drowning
Asphyxiation due to a free flowing
solid or entrapment
Cellars
Deep excavations
Enclosed drains
Sewers
Silos
Storage tanks
Combustion chambers
Ductwork
Open-topped chambers
Unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms
Vats
Risk Assessment
The task
materials
environment
equipment
people
Emergency rescue
Existing control measures
Further control measures
Appoint a supervisor
Isolate energy sources
Gas purging
Provide ventilation
Clean before entry
Test/monitor the atmosphere
Provide special tools and lighting
Provide PPE
Arrange communications
Limit working time
Permit-to-work
Emergency Procedures
Communications
Rescue and resuscitation equipment
Capabilities of rescuers
Shut down adjacent plant
First aid procedures
Local emergency services
Lone Workers
On site
Only one person works on the premises
People work separately from others
People work outside normal hours
On construction etc
Agricultural and forestry workers
Service workers
Professionals who visit customer and client
premises
Medical conditions
Sufficiently experienced
Training to control, guide and help in
situations of uncertainty
Avoiding panic reactions
Emergency procedures
Access to adequate first-aid facilities
Mobile workers should carry a first-aid kit
Emergencies
Fire precautions
First Aid
Other emergencies
flood
criminal damage
bomb threats
First Aid
Aim
preserve life and minimise the
consequences
treat minor injuries that do not require
medical attention
First Aiders
preserve life
treat minor injuries
four day course which
is certificated and has
3 yearly refresher
Definitions
Accident
an unplanned, unwanted event which results in
loss
Incident/near miss
an unplanned, unwanted event that has the
potential to result in loss
Occupational ill-health
any acute or chronic ill-health caused by physical,
chemical or biological agents as well as adverse
affects on mental health
Domino Theory
Adverse events have many causes
What may appear to be bad luck can, on analysis,
be seen as a chain of failures and errors that lead
almost inevitably to the adverse event
This is often known as the Domino Effect
Accident Categories
slips/trips/falls on the
same level
contact with
machinery/hand tools
electricity
transport
contact with chemicals
asphyxiation/drowning
fire and explosion
animals
violence
Investigation
emergency response
initial report
initial assessment and investigation
gathering further information
Investigation
Investigation
Investigation
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
Other factors
nature of the work (routine)
specialist examinations
medical reports
interviews/witness statements
do not dismiss contradictory evidence
risk assessments
SSoW
incident/accident history
training records
maintenance records
equipment instructions
monitoring (dust, noise etc)
supervision rota's
inspection reports
pre-start equipment checks
2.
4.
Take Action
Take Action
monitoring trends
prevent a recurrence
legal reasons
health surveillance
defend civil claim/criminal action
Collecting Data
Collecting data
incidents and accidents
work related ill-health
Analysing data
category of person
injury type
part of body injured
age
work activity
shift/time of day
location of accident
Accident Statistics
Incidence rate
Frequency rate
Severity rate
x 100 000
x 100 000
Limitations of Statistics
Zero accidents does not necessarily indicate
low risk
Communicating Data
Safety committees
Local team briefings
Company magazines
Board room performance reports
Performance reviews for managers
Annual reports
Reporting of Accidents
Notification
Immediately by telephone
Reporting
Accidents and diseases
Commuting accidents
Dangerous occurrences and incidents
Workplace Inspections
Limitations
some hazards not
visible
some hazards not
always present
unsafe practices may
not occur during the
inspection
Types of inspections
general workplace
inspections
statutory inspections
compliance
inspections
commissioning
inspections
Frequency
Competence
Workplace Inspections
Competence of inspectors
knowledge of workplace inspection
techniques
advantages and disadvantages
Inspection Checklists
condition of processes and
plant
contractors
electrical
environmental conditions
transport routes
fire protection
first aid provision
hand held/portable tools
hazardous substances
housekeeping/cleanliness
lifting equipment
lighting
manual handling
machinery guarding
noise
personal protective
equipment
pressure vessels
safe access/egress
signs and abstracts
suitability of stored
materials
temperature/ventilation
welfare conditions
Inspection Reports
clearly defined
prioritised
allocated to responsible persons for action
allocated deadlines for completion
allocated a review date
Performance Review
Review and evaluate the effectiveness of the
management system
Audit
Determines the
existence,
adequacy,
and use
of a health and safety management system
Types of Audit
internal/external
Certification/registration audits
external
to assess conformity with OHSAS 18001
Scope
Extent and
boundaries
physical locations
business units
activities and
processes
other disciplines
time period
External audits
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cheaper
More expensive
Easier to arrange
Informal, non-threatening
Disadvantages
May be bias
Assumptions influence
conclusions
Advantages
Independent of internal
competition