MICROPROCESSOR AND

INTERFACING
AUTHORS
:RAMESH.S.GAONKAR
BADRI RAM
DOUGLAS.V.HALL
LIU AND GIBSON

Syllabus of Microprocessor

Introduction to microprocessor
Architecture and block diagram of microprocessor
8085 microprocesso
8237 DMA Controller
8255 Programmable peripheral interface device
8254 programmable interval timer
8259 programmable inttrupt controller
8086 microprocessor

What is Microprocessor?
A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of
personal computers, the terms microprocessor
and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart
of all personal computers and most
workstations sits a microprocessor.
Microprocessors also control the logic of almost
all digital devices, from clock radios to fuelinjection systems for automobiles

Microprocessor def.. Con..

Microprocessor

is a programmable device
It can be instructed to perform given tasks with
in its capability.
The programmer selects instruction from the
list and determines the sequence of execution
for a given task.
It takes input from the input device and
process the input as it behaves like a CPU and
gives the output.

Microprocessor def.. Con..

Microprocessor

is a clock driven semiconductor

device consisting of electronic logic circuits
manufactured by using a LSI or VLSI technique.
Microprocessor can be divided into three
segments
1)ALU
2)Register array
3)Control unit

Block diagram of microprocessor

INPUT

Microprocessor
As
CPU

MEMORY

OUTPUT

Characterstics which differentiate

microprocessors
Instruction

set: The set of instructions that

the microprocessor can execute.
bandwidth : The number of bits processed
in a single instruction.
clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz),
the clock speed determines how many
instructions per second the processor can
execute.

Structure of microprocessor
Chip

containing no. of elements for the

processing purposes.

History of microprocessor
Intel's

4004 is considered the first

microprocesor .

The

4004 was later followed in 1972 by the

8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor.

History of microprocessor
then

is the 8080 microprocessor evolved in

1974.

Then

comes 8085 that is the 8 bit

microprocessor

Continued

Often the processor is required to manage various

different tasks that have to be scheduled somehow
and must also deal with outside interrupt sources
such as an alarm when something goes wrong.
Real-time systems are those in which timeliness is
as important as the correctness of the outputs,
although this does NOT mean that they have to be ?
fast systems?.

A real-time system does not have to process data in

microseconds to be considered real-time - it must simply
have response times that are constrained and thus
predictable.

Real life applications of

microprocessor

Microprocessors are used to handle a set of tasks that control

one or more external events or systems.
Microprocessors are typically used in either reactive or
embedded systems.

Reactive systems are those that have an ongoing interaction with

their environment - for example, a fire-control system that
constantly reacts to buttons pressed by a pilot.
Embedded systems are those used to control specialized
hardware in which the computer system is installed - for example,
the microprocessor system used to control the fuel/air mixture in
the carburetor of many automobiles.

In embedded systems the software system is completely

encapsulated by the hardware that it controls.

Some questions
What

is SSI,MSI and LSI?

What is difference between microprocessor,
microcontroller and microcomputer?
What is a bit, byte, nibble and a word?
What is difference between compiler and
interpreter?
What is instruction and mnemonic?

8085 programming model

Program

counter
Stack pointer
General purpose registers
Accumulator
Flag registers
Data and address buses

8085 instruction set

Data

transfer operations
Arithmetic operations
Logical operations
Branch operations
Machine control operations

Data transfer operations

MOV Rd,Rs
MVI R,8 bit
HLT
IN 8 bit port address accept the data from the
input port specified in the second byte and loads into
the accumulator.
NOP
OUT 8 bit port address copies the contents of the
accumulator to the output port specified in the
second byte,2 byte instruction

Data transfer operations

This

group of instructions copies data from a

location called a source to another a location
called destination without modifying the
contents of the source.
Data transfer can be between 1)registers
Specified data byte to a register or memory
location
Between a memory location and a register

Addressing mode
Immediate

addressing mvi
Register addressing mov
Direct addressing in/out ports
Indirect addressing

Logical operations
ANA

R
ANI 8 bit
ORA R
ORI 8 bit
XRA R
XRI 8 bit
CMA

Arthimetic operations
ADD

R
ADI 8 bit
SUB R
SUI 8 bit
INR R
DCR R

Branch operations

JMP 16 bit 2nd(low) and 3rd(high) byte specifies 16 bit

Memory address
JC
JNC
JZ
JNZ
JP
JM

Microprocessor architecture

The

process of data manipulation and

communication is determined by the logic
design of the microprocessor called the
arcitecture.

Microprocessor architecture

Microprocessor

initiated operations
Internal operations
Externally initiated operations
To perform these functions microprocessor
requires a group of logic circuits and set of
signals called control signals.

Microprocessor initiated operations

Memory

read
Memory write
I/O read
I/O write

Internal operations
Store

8-bit data
Perform arthimetic and logical operations
Test for conditions
Sequence the excuetion of operations
Store data temporarily during excuetion

8085 pin diagram

Is 8 bit microprocessor, capable of addressing

64k of memory
Has 40 pins ,operate with 3mhz single phase
clock
Require +5v of single power supply

8085 pin diagram

8085 pin diagram

Is 8 bit microprocessor, capable of addressing

64k of memory
Has 40 pins ,operate with 3mhz single phase
clock
Require +5v of single power supply

Pin diagram conti.

All

the signals are classified into 6 groups

Address bus
Data bus
Control and status signals
Power supply and frequency signals
Externally initiated signals
Serial input output ports

Block diagram of 8085 microprocessor

It

includes
Arithmetic and logic unit
Timing and control unit
Instruction register and decoder
Register array
Interrupt control
Serial input output control

8085 interrupt

What

is interrupt?
Vectored interrupt
Non vectored interrupt
Enable and disable interrupt instructions
Pending interrupts

8085 interrupt

Interrupt is a process where an external device can get the

attention of the microprocessor.

The process starts from the I/O device

The process is asynchronous.

Classification of Interrupts

Interrupts can be classified into two types:

Maskable Interrupts (Can be delayed or Rejected)

Non-Maskable Interrupts (Can not be delayed or Rejected)

Interrupts can also be classified into:

Vectored (the address of the service routine is hard-wired)

Non-vectored (the address of the service routine needs to be supplied
externally by the device)

Interrupts

An interrupt is considered to be an emergency signal

that may be serviced.

The Microprocessor may respond to it as soon as possible.

What happens when MP is interrupted ?

When the Microprocessor receives an interrupt signal, it

suspends the currently executing program and jumps to an
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) to respond to the incoming
interrupt.
Each interrupt will most probably have its own ISR.

Interrupts

When a device interrupts, it actually wants the MP to

give a service which is equivalent to asking the MP
to call a subroutine. This subroutine is called ISR
(Interrupt Service Routine)
The EI instruction is a one byte instruction and is
used to Enable the non-maskable interrupts.
The DI instruction is a one byte instruction and is
used to Disable the non-maskable interrupts.
The 8085 has a single Non-Maskable interrupt.

The non-maskable interrupt is not affected by the value of

the Interrupt Enable flip flop.

8085 intrrupts
TRAP
RST7.5
RST6.5
RST

5.5
INTR
INTA

Interrupt Vectors and the Vector

Table
An

interrupt vector is a pointer to where the ISR is

stored in memory.
All interrupts (vectored or otherwise) are mapped
onto a memory area called the Interrupt Vector Table
(IVT).

The IVT is usually located in memory page 00 (0000H 00FFH).

The purpose of the IVT is to hold the vectors that redirect
the microprocessor to the right place when an interrupt
arrives.

 GENERAL

PURPOSE
PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL
DEVICES

 8255A Programmable

peripheral interface
8254 programmable interval timer
8259 Programmable interval timer
8237 DMA Controller

8255 Programmable peripheral

interface
It

can be programmed to transfer data under

various conditions.
It has 24 I/O pins.
The function of 8255A classified acc to two
modes.
A) BSR mode
I/O mode

8255 Programmable peripheral

interface
Block

diagram of 8255A
Control word
BSR mode
Mode 0
Mode 1
Mode 2

Control Word
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0/1
BSR Mode
I/O Mode
For port C
Mode0 Mode 1 Mode2
No effect on mode
Simple I/O
Handshake I/O

for ports
A,B,C

for ports A and or B

Port C bits

8254 Programmable interval timer

8237 DMA Controller

DMA is

an input output technique used for

high speed data transfer
Data transfer between system memory and
floppy disk
It introduces two new signals that are
HOLD
HLDA

DMA Controller cont.

DMA Controller

consists of
DMA channels and interfacing
DMA Signals
System interface
Programming the 8237
DMA Execution consists of
Master and slave mode

8086 microprocessor
It

is 16 bit microprocessor.
Contains 29000 transistors and is fabricated
using HMOS technology.
Has addressing capacity of I megabyte.
Has 20 address pins.
+5v supply voltage

8086 Arcitecture
Internal

registers
Control logic
Instruction queue
ALU
PSW
Pointers
Segment registers

8086 pin diagram

8086 effective address computations

To provide

flexible base addressing and

indexing a data address may be formed by
addressing together a combination of the BX
or BP register contents SI or DI contents and
a displacement.The result of such and
address computation is called effective
address.

8086 memory segmentation

Address

within segments

Overlapping

segments

Program relocation using CS register

If

a programmer wants to relocate the

program by any means ,he can relocate the
program using cs register.