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Susunan Atom dan

Struktur Kristal

The world of materials


Steels
Cast irons
Al-alloys

Metals
Cu-alloys
Ni-alloys
Ti-alloys
PE, PP, PC
PA (Nylon)

Alumina
Si-Carbide

Polymers,
elastomers

Ceramics,
glasses

GFRP
CFRP

Soda-glass
Pyrex

Composites

Butyl rubber
Neoprene

KFRP
Plywood

Woods

Polymer foams
Metal foams

Natural
materials

Foams
Ceramic foams
Glass foams

Natural fibres:
Hemp,
Cotton

Material Teknik
Jumlah material teknik sangat besar:
40.000 - 80.000 jenis.
Desainer harus memilih dan
menseleksi dari jumlah tersebut.
Tanpa acuan dan rujukan serta
pengetahuan, memilih material
menjadi masalah rumit dan
kompleks.
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FAKTOR DESAIN & PEMILIHAN MATERIAL

Selain Terdapat 40.000


80.000 Materials, juga

Terdapat Beribu
Processing Route

Meski Demikian Material


Selection Tidak Mudah

Faktor Faktor Yang


Mempengaruhi:

Selecting the Optimal


Combination

Cost

Performance

MATERIALS

Safety

SHAPE

Risk

MANUFACTURING
PROCESS

Aesthetics

Enviromental Impact

Recyclability

Lower Product Cost

Faster Time to Market

Reduces in Service Failures

Materials vs Process
Casting
Forging
Welding

Metal

Machining

Polimer

Pressing

Keramik

Injection

Komposit

Molding

Process Improvement : 10 20 % Penghematan Production


Cost
Substitusi Materials: 50 60 % Penghematan Production
Cost
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Substitusi Aluminium Tuang ke Polimer

Subsitusi Material

Nylon 66

Aluminium
Keuntungan :

1. Lebih ringan dengan reject yg kecil


2. Tidak perlu proses machining
3. Bahan bakar lebih efisien
4. Cost produksi tereduksi

Properties a Designer Might Be


Interested In

Mechanical Strength
Ductility
Impact Resistance
Behavior at temperature extremes
Thermal Conductivity
Electrical Conductivity
Wear resistance
Corrosion Resistance
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KARAKTERISTIK MATERIALS
Sifat Fisik

Sifat Mekanik

Density

Creep

Conductivity
(thermal dan
heat)

Fatique

Impact

Efek
Perlakuan
Panas Thd
Sifat Mekanik

Efek
Lingkungan
Thd Sifat
Mekanik

Melting Temp
Coeff thermal
expantion
Microstructure
Surface
characteristic

Corrosion/
Wear

Rate of
Corrosion
&
Errosion/
wear

Key Relationships
Material properties depend on the material
microstructure, which in turn results from its
composition and processing
Processing Microstructure Properties

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(a) Silikon single kristal.


(b) Polikristalin stainless steel
menunjukan butir dan batas
butir.

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Klasifikasi material berdasarkan tipe susunan atom.


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Amorphous Materials
Amorphous materials - Materials, including
glasses, that have no long-range order, or
crystal structure.
Glasses - Solid, non-crystalline materials that
have only short-range atomic order.
Glass-ceramics - A family of materials typically
derived from molten inorganic glasses and
processed into crystalline materials with very
fine grain size and improved mechanical
properties.
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Atomic arrangements in crystalline silicon and amorphous


silicon. (a) Amorphous silicon. (b) Crystalline silicon. Note
the variation in the inter-atomic distance for amorphous
silicon.

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Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, dan


Crystal Structures
Lattice - A collection of points that divide space
into smaller equally sized segments.
Basis - A group of atoms associated with a
lattice point.
Unit cell - A subdivision of the lattice that still
retains the overall characteristics of the entire
lattice.
Atomic radius - The apparent radius of an atom,
typically calculated from the dimensions of the
unit cell, using close-packed directions
(depends upon coordination number).
Packing factor - The fraction of space in a unit
cell occupied by atoms.16

Struktur kristal adalah pola susunan tiga


dimensi yang teratur dari atom-atom dalam
suatu ruang.
Struktur kristal diidealisasikan sebagai kisi
ruang atau kisi kristal dengan pola susunan 3D
dari titik-titik lain yang sama/identik.
Pola terkecil dari susunan atom/titik dalam
suatu ruang disebut sel satuan.

Sel satuan BCC

Sel satuan FCC

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Menurut A.J. Bravais, jenis kristal terbagi atas 7


sistem kristal, yaitu:
1. Kubik
2. Tetragonal
3. Rombohedral
4. Heksagonal
5. Ortorombik
6. Monoklik
7. Triklinik
Dari
masing-masing
sistem
kristal
terdapat
beberapa sel satuan hingga semuanya ada 14 sel
satuan.
Tetapi pada umumnya logam memiliki sel satuan:
1. BCC (body centered cubic/kubus pusat badan)
2. FCC (face centered cubic/kubus pusat muka)
3. HCP (hexagonal
susunan padat)

close
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packed/heksagonal

7 sistem kristal
yang terbagi
menjadi 14 sel
satuan Bravais.

(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

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Definisi lattice
parameter atau
parameter kisi
pada sistem
kubik,
ortorombik dan
heksagonal.

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Susunan atom pada kristal


BCC

FCC

HCP
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Susunan atom pada kristal


BCC

FCC

HCP
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(a)Pembagian
atom dalam
unit sel
(b)Contoh: simple
cubic (SC),
body centered
cubic (BCC),
and facecentered cubic

Example 1
Determining the Number of Lattice Points
in Cubic Crystal Systems
Determine the number of lattice points per cell in the cubic
crystal systems. If there is only one atom located at each
lattice point, calculate the number of atoms per unit cell.
Example 1 SOLUTION
In the SC unit cell: lattice point / unit cell = (8 corners)1/8 = 1
In BCC unit cells: lattice point / unit cell
= (8 corners)1/8 + (1 center)(1) = 2
In FCC unit cells: lattice point / unit cell
= (8 corners)1/8 + (6 faces)(1/2) = 4
The number of atoms per unit cell would be 1, 2, and 4, for the
simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic,
unit cells, respectively.
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Example 1
Determining the Number of Lattice Points
in Cubic Crystal Systems
Determine the number of lattice points per cell in the cubic
crystal systems. If there is only one atom located at each
lattice point, calculate the number of atoms per unit cell.
Example 1 SOLUTION
In the SC unit cell: lattice point / unit cell = (8 corners)1/8 = 1
In BCC unit cells: lattice point / unit cell
= (8 corners)1/8 + (1 center)(1) = 2
In FCC unit cells: lattice point / unit cell
= (8 corners)1/8 + (6 faces)(1/2) = 4
The number of atoms per unit cell would be 1, 2, and 4, for the
simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic,
unit cells, respectively.
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Kubus Pusat Badan/body centered cubic (BCC)

Pada sel satuan terlihat bahwa ada satu atom yang dikelilingi
oleh 8 atom lainnya sehingga kita bisa hitung berapa jumlah
atom pada sel satuan ini.
Pada BCC, ada satu atom lengkap bentuknya, kemudian ada 8
atom pada masing-masing ujung kisi.
Maka jumlah atom per sel satuan:
1 + (8 x 1/8) = 2 atom per sel satuan
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Kubus Pusat Muka/face centered cubic (FCC)

Pada sel satuan FCC terdapat 4 atom yang terdiri


dari:
6 x = 3 atom
8 x 1/8 = 1 atom
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Heksagonal Susunan Padat/hexagonal close packed (HCP)

Pada sel satuan HCP terdapat 6 atom yang terdiri dari:


3 atom dibagian tengah,
2 x 6 x 1/6 = 2 atom
Di bagian atas dan bawah: 2 x = 1 atom
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Example.2
Determining the Relationship between
Atomic Radius and Lattice Parameters
Determine the relationship between the atomic radius
and the lattice parameter in SC, BCC, and FCC
structures when one atom is located at each lattice
point.

The relationships between the atomic radius and the Lattice


parameter in cubic systems

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Example 2 SOLUTION
Referring to the Figure, we find that atoms touch along
the edge of the cube in SC structures.

a0

2r

In BCC structures, atoms touch along the body diagonal.


There are two atomic radii from the center atom and one
atomic radius from each of the corner atoms on the body
diagonal, so

a0

4r

In FCC structures, atoms touch along the face diagonal


of the cube. There are four atomic radii along this
lengthtwo radii from the face-centered atom and one
radius from each corner, so:

a0

4r

2
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Radius atom vs parameter kisi


Panjang kisi (a):

3a 4 R
atau

4R
a
3
R = radius atom
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Logam-logam dengan sel satuan BCC


Logam
Krom

Panjang kisi
(a, nm)
0.289

Radius atom
(R, nm)
0.125

Besi

0.287

0.124

Molibdenum

0.315

0.136

Potasium

0.533

0.231

Natrium

0.429

0.186

Tantalum

0.330

0.143

Tungsten

0.316

0.137

Vanadium

0.304

0.132

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Kubus Pusat Muka/face centered cubic (FCC)


Panjang kisi
(a):

2a 4 R
atau

4R
a
2
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Logam-logam dengan sel satuan FCC


Logam

Panjang kisi
(a, nm)

Radius atom
(R, nm)

Aluminum

0.405

0.143

Tembaga

0.3615

0.128

Emas

0.408

0.144

Timah hitam

0.495

0.175

Nikel

0.352

0.125

Platina

0.393

0.139

Perak

0.409

0.144

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