Simple statement

A mathematical
sentence is a sentence
that states a fact or
contains a complete
idea. A sentence that
can be judged to be true
or false is called a
statement , or a closed
sentence.

Example:
St1: Jill has maintained
a GPA of 2.5 or better.
St2: Jill has missed no
more than two
practices

Truth value of a
statement

It is either true or false

Truth table
Is the way to show the truth value
of a compound statement

Compound
statement

It is formed by combining two or

more simple statements.

Symbolic Logic
Connective

Symbol

Formal Name

Not

negation

And

conjunction

or

disjunction

If then

if and only if

conditional
Bi-conditional
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Symbolic Logic in
compound sentence

Connective

Symbol

Not

Formal
Name

Compound
Statement
using
connective

Compound
Statement
using
symbols

negation

And

conjunction P and Q

or

disjunction

If then

P^Q

conditional

if and

Bionly if
conditional
P: represents a statement( ST1)
Q: represents other
statement( ST2)

They can be true or false

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Truth table for

conjunction
P(ST1): Jill has maintained a GPA of 2.5 o
Example
P
Q
P and Q
better
Jill has a 3.2 GPA and has
True
True True
missed
1 practice
Q(ST2):
Jill has missed no more than two
Jill has a GPA and has
True
False false
practices.
missed 3 practices
Jill has a 2.25 GPA and has
missed no practices

False

True

False

Jill has a 2.4 GPA and has

missed 3 practices

False

False

False

Note: - A conjunction is true only when all of its simple statements

are true.
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- If any statement is false , the conjunction is false

Truth table
disjunction
P: It is weekend
Q: It is holiday

for
( P or Q)

Example

P or Q

It is Saturday
It is a holiday

True

True

True

It is Sunday
True
It is not holiday

False

True

It is
Wednesday
It is a holiday

False

True

True

It is Tuesday
It is not a
holiday

False

False

False

Note:- A disjunction is true when any of its simple

statements are true.

Negation
Indicates the opposite, usually employing
the word not.
St3: Today is monday.
Negation of the St3:Today is not monday.
St4:That was fun.
Negation of the St4: That was not fun.
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Conditional
Statements

Simple Sentences

Compound Sentence :
Conditional (p q )

p: You are absent

q: You have a make up
assignment to complete

If you are absent, then you have a

make up assignment to complete.

P: Pigs fly
Q: Ill go to the dentist

If pigs fly, then Ill go to the

dentist.

Conective: If ...then....

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Truth Table
Example

p q

You are late

You are on time

True

False

False

A human is a
cat
Squares have
corners

False

True

True

Note: The only way that the conditional is a false statement is when
a true if clause leads to a false then clause( TF)

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Bi- Conditional
A bi-conditional statement is defined to be
true whenever both parts have the same
truth value.
Symbol:
Connective: ...if and only if (iff)
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Bi- Conditional
Statement

Simple Sentences

Compound Sentence : BiConditional ( p q)

p: A polygon is a
triangle( T)
q: A polygon has
exactly 3 sides( T)

A polygon is a triangle if and only if it

has exactly 3 sides
(T)

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Bi- Conditional Truth

Table
p

P q

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General Truth Table

p

pvq

p ^

pq

p q

T T

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 A conditional statement
consists of two parts, a
hypothesis in the if
clause and a conclusion
in the then clause. For
instance, If it rains, then
they will cancel school.
It rains, is the
hypothesis.
They will cancel
school, is the conclusion.

To form the converse

of the conditional
statement,
interchange the
hypothesis and the
conclusion.
The converse of If it
rains, then they will
cancel school is If
they cancel school,
then it rains.

 To form the inverse of

the conditional
statement, take the
negation of both the
hypothesis and the
conclusion.
The inverse of If it
rains, then they will
cancel school is If
it does not rain, then
they do not cancel
school.

To form the contrapositive

of the conditional
statement, interchange
the hypothesis and the
conclusion of the
inverse statement.
The contrapositive of If
it rains , then they
will cancel school is
If they do not cancel
school then it does

not rain

Symbolic representation.

Statement

If p, then q.

Converse

If q, then p.

Inverse

If not p, then not q.

Contrapositive

If not q, then not p.

If the statement is true, then the contrapositive is also logically true. If the
converse is true, then the inverse is also logically true.

Statement

If two angles are congruent, then

they have the same measure.

Converse

If two angles have the same measure,

then they are congruent.

Inverse

If two angles are not congruent, then

they do not have the same measure.

Contrapositive

If two angles do not have the same

measure, then they are not congruent.

Logical Equivalence

A logical equivalence is a statement that two mathematical sentence forms

are completely interchangeable:
if one is true, so is the other; if one is false, so is the other.
For example, we could express that an implication is equivalent to its
contrapositive in either of the following ways:
A B is (logically) equivalent to (not B) ( not A)
or
( A B ) ( not B) ( not A ) is a logical equivalence

De Morgan's Laws
not( A or B) ( not A) and ( not B)

not( A and B) ( not A) or ( not B)

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