Cc nh ngha

ien cc noi at (1): Vat dan hay nhom vat dan ien
c tiep xuc vi nhau va lien ket ve ien vi at.
at: phan dan ien cua at co ien the tai bat ky
iem nao cung c quy c lay la 0.
Cac ien cc noi at oc lap: cac ien cc noi at
at cach nhau mot khoang ma dong cc ai i qua mot
ien cc se khong anh hng ang ke en ien the
cua cac ien cc khac.
ien tr cua ien cc noi at : ien tr tiep xuc cua
ien cc vi at.

Cac nh ngha
Day noi at (2): day bao ve noi au
noi at chnh (6) cua li vi ien cc
noi at (1) hoac vi cac dung cu tiep
a khac (s o TN).
Cac bo phan can noi at (vo kim loai):
Phan dan ien cua thiet b khi bnh
thng khong co ien, tuy nhien trong
ieu kien h hong se tr nen dan ien

Cac nh ngha
Day bao ve (3): day dung e bao ve tranh ien
giat va dung e noi cac phan sau:
- cac bo phan can noi at cua thiet b (vo kim
loai);
- cac bo phan noi at t nhien;
- au noi at chnh;
- ien cc noi at;
- iem noi at cua nguon hoac trung tnh nhan tao.

Cac nh ngha
Cac bo phan can noi at (goi tat la vo kim loai)
1. ng cap:
+ ong dan;
+ cap cach ien giay vo ch, boc giap hoac

khong;
khoang;

+ cap boc kim loai cach ien giay hoac chat

2. Thiet b ong cat:

+ phan co the thao ri
3. Thiet b:
+ vo kim loai cua thiet b co cach ien loai I
4. Cac phan t khong ien
v.v)

+ ket cau kim loai at cap (khay cap, thang cap

+ vat the kim loai:
- gan day dan tren khong hoac thanh dan;
- tiep xuc vi thiet b ien.

Cac nh ngha
Cac bo phan khong can noi at (khong c coi la
phan vo kim loai)
1.Cac ng, ong nh :
- i day cach ien;
- bang ien bang go hay vat lieu cach
ien;
- day va cap khong co vo kim loai.
2. Thiet b ong cat: dang kn co cau truc cach
ien
3. Thiet b: cac thiet b co cach ien loai II

Cac nh ngha
Cac phan c coi la bo phan noi at t nhien (vat dan t
nhien)
1. Cac phan t cua cau truc toa nha:
+ ket cau kim loai va be tong cot thep
- khung kim loai;
- ban coc sat;
- ban betong cot thep.
+ be mat:
- nen nha hoac tng co ket cau betong cot
thep co be mat t nhien;
- san lat gach.
+ ket cau boc kim loai: tng boc kim loai.

Cac nh ngha
Cac phan c coi la bo phan noi at t nhien (vat dan
t nhien)
2. Cac phan t khac:
- ong kim loai, ong dan kim loai cha gaz, nc,
he thong si;
- cac phan t co kim loai (thung cha, be cha,
lo si.v.v.);
- cac ket cau kim loai trong phong tam, giat, ve
sinh.v.v.;
- giay kim loai hoa.
+ ket cau boc kim loai: tng boc kim loai.

Cac nh ngha
Cac phan khong c coi la vat dan t
nhien
- san nha go;
- san boc cao su hoac linoleum;
- tng ngan trat va

tng gach;
- tham hoac tham gan tng.

nh ngha cac
he thong noi
at
chuan
Cac he thong
noi at
khac nhau ac trng bi
cach thc noi at iem trung tnh ha ap cua bien
the phan phoi va noi at cua vo thiet b ha the.
S o noi at c ac trng bi cach thc

noi at iem trung tnh ha ap cua bien the phan

phoi

(hoac cua cac nguon khac) va cach thc

noi at vo cac thiet b cua li ha the .

Mot vai s o noi at co the ong thi hien

hu trong mot cong trnh

nh ngha cac
he thong noi
at chuan

 iem

nh ngha cac he
thong noi at
noi saochuan
(hoac noi S
sao cuon
cua bien
ohaTT

the

phan phoi) cua nguon se c noi trc tiep vi at.

Cac bo phan can noi at va vat dan t nhien se
noi chung ti cc noi at rieng biet cua li.
ien cc nay co the oc lap hoac phu thuoc ve
ien vi ien cc cua nguon, hai vung anh hng co
the bao trum lan nhau ma khong tac ong en thao
tac cua cac thiet b bao ve

nh ngha cac he
thong noi at
chuan S o TN

Trong mang, ca vo kim loai va cac vat

dan t nhien cua li se c noi vi
day trung tnh. Trung tnh nguon c noi
at trc tiep.

nh ngha cac he thong

noi at chuan
S o TN-C
TN-C
Day trung tnh la day bao ve va
c goi la PEN. S o nay khong
c phep s dung cho cac day
co tiet dien nho hn 10 mm2 cho Cu
va 16 mm2 (Al) va thiet b xach tay.
S o TN-C oi hoi mot s ang
the hieu qua trong li vi nhieu
iem noi at lap lai.

nh ngha cac he thong

noi at chuan
S o TN-S (5 day)
TN-S
Day bao ve va trung tnh la
rieng biet. oi vi cap co vo
boc ch, day bao ve thng la
vo ch. He TN-S la bat buoc
oi vi mach co tiet dien nho
hn 10 mm2 (Cu) va 16 mm2 (Al)
cho cac thiet b di ong.

nh ngha cac he thong

noi
at
chuan
S o TN-C-S
TN-C-S
S o TN-C va TN-S co the c cung s
dung trong cung mot li. Trong s o TN-C-S,
s o TN-C (4 day) khong bao gi c s
dung sau s o TN-S. iem phan day PE tach
khoi day PEN thng la iem au cua li.

nh ngha cac he thong noi

at chuan
S o TN-C-S
TN-C-S
Trong s o TN-C, chc nang bao ve cua
day PEN c at hang au. ac biet, PEN
can c noi trc tiep vi au noi at cua
thiet b va sau o mot cau noi se c
noi vi au trung tnh

nh ngha cac he thong noi

at chuan
S o IT

nh ngha cac he thong noi

at chuan
S o IT

Vo kim loai va vat dan t nhien se c noi

ti mot ien cc noi at chung.
Tren thc te moi day dan eu co mot ien
khang oi vi at v khong co cach ien nao
tuyet oi

hoan hao. Song song vi ng ro

ien tr se co ng ro dong dung vi at.

nh ngha cac he thong noi

at chuan
S o IT
V du:
Trong s o 3 pha, 3 day ha ap, 1Km cap se cho
tong tr ro C1, C2, C3 va R1, R2, R3 va tng ng
vi mot Zct bang 3000 en 4000

nh ngha cac he thong noi

at chuan
o IT
S o IT (noi at quaS
ien
tr)
Mot ien tr (12 K) c noi
gia iem trung tnh cuon ha
bien ap phan phoi va at (hnh
ve). Cac vo kim loai va vat dan
t nhien se noi ti cc noi at.
Nguyen nhan dung Zs la e tao
mot the co nh so vi at (Zs
nho hn cac Zct) cua cac li
nho va do o giam ngng qua
ap khi co lan truyen ien ap t

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
Moi s o phan anh 3 tieu chuan la chon ky
thuat:
phng phap noi at;
cach mac day PE;
bo tr bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep.

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
Cach mac s o se co lien quan ti cac iem
sau:
ien giat;
phong chay;
tnh lien tuc cung cap ien;
qua ap;
nhieu ien t;
thiet ke va van hanh.

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
+ cach noi at:
TN-C
- iem trung tnh cua bien ap noi trc tiep vi at va
day trung tnh se c noi at lap lai cang nhieu cang
tot
- cac vo thiet b va vat dan t nhien se noi vi day
trung tnh
+ cach lap PE: day trung tnh va PE la mot
+ bo tr bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep: s o
co dong s co va ien ap tiep xuc ln: co the ngat
ien trong trng hp h hong cach ien;
+ ngat ien c thc hien bang CB hoac cau ch.
S co h hong cach ien c coi nh ngan mach pha

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-C

+ qua ap:
- trong ieu kien bnh thng, iem trung tnh, vo
thiet b va at co cung ien the;
- Khi h hong cach ien trung ap, dong se qua ien
cc noi at cua trung tnh cuon ha va ien ap
tan so cong nghiep se xuat hien gia vo thiet
b ha ap va at xa;
-Dong khi xay ra cham vo ( h hong cach ien )
rat ln (vai kA) , o sut ap nguon, nhieu ien t
va kha nang h hong (chay) thng cao. o tin
cay cung cap ien thap .

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-C

+ qua ap: khi h hong cach ien ha ap, iem trung tnh
cua tam giac ien ap se dch chuyen va ien ap gia
pha va vo thiet b se vt qua ien ap phatrung tnh.
Tren thc te, gia tr 1,45 Un thng c tiep nhan trong
tnh toan gan ung (Un - ien ap pha).
+ day bao ve: day PE va day trung tnh la mot (c goi
la day PEN).
Day PEN can thoa cac ieu kien cua 2 chc nang va
chc nang PE phai c u tien trc het.
S o TN-C khong c dung cho li co tiet dien nho
hn 10 mm2 (Cu) hoac 16 mm2 (Al). No cung khong c

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-C

+ chong chay:
S o TN-C khong dung ni co kha nang chay no
cao. Nguyen nhan la khi noi cac vat dan t nhien
cua toa nha vi day PEN se tao nen dong chay
trong cong trnh gay hiem hoa chay va nhieu ien
t. Nhng hien tng nay la nguyen nhan cam s
dung s o TN-C ni co kha nang chay no cao.

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-C

+ tng hp ien t:
Khi co day PEN, se co mot ien ap ri va tao cac o
lech ien the. Do o se co dong chay trong mach tao
bi vo thiet b, vat dan t nhien, cap ong truc va vo
may tnh hoac he thong thong tin
Cac ien ap ri se c khuech ai trong cac cong trnh
hien ai do s tang nhanh cac thiet b tao hai bac 3.
Bien o cua nhng hai nay se tang gap 3 len trong
cac day trung tnh
Trong li phan phoi, do khong can bang pha nen trong
day trung tnh se co dong va tao nen trng ien t
gay nhieu len cac ong cc cathode, man hnh, cac thiet

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-C

+ an mon: s an mon bat nguon t thanh phan dong

d.c ma day PEN co the tai va thanh phan dong ien
at. Chung gam mon ien cc noi at va ket cau kim
loai trong trng hp noi at nhieu lan
+ bo tr bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep trong s o
co dong s co va ien ap tiep xuc ln:
- t ngat khi co h hong cach ien;
- CB hoac cau ch se am bao viec ngat nay. RCD
khong c s dung ay v s co h hong cach ien
cham at coi nh ngan mach pha trung tnh.
+ chay: kha nang phong chay thap

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-S
+ cach noi at
iem trung tnh cua bien ap c noi at 1 lan tai au
vao cua li
Cac vo kim loai va vat dan t nhien se c noi vi
day bao ve. Day nay se c noi vi trung tnh cua
bien ap.
+ bo tr day PE : Day PE tach biet vi day trung tnh va
c nh kch c theo dong s co ln nhat co the xay
ra.
+ bo tr bao ve chong cham ien. Do dong s co va
ien ap tiep xuc ln nen:

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-S

+ kha nang lien tuc cung cap ien va nhieu

ien t, phong chay: anh hng cua s co
trung /ha, h hong cach ien cuon s va th se
tng t nh s o TN-C. Dong s co khi h
hong cach ien se ln .
+ day PE : khong c noi at lap lai . ieu
nay e tranh tao nen ien ap ri va dong
trong day bao ve trong ieu kien van hanh bnh
thng .

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-S
He qua
+ bo tr day PE: day nay se i rieng va c
nh c theo dong s co ln nhat.
+ tng hp ien t: trong ieu kien bnh thng,
tren PE khong co sut ap va cac nhc iem
cua s o TN-C c khac phuc.
Khi co h hong cach ien, ien ap xung ln se
xuat hien doc theo PE, tao nen hien tng qua
o giong nh s o TN-C.

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TN-S

+ bo tr bao ve chong tiep xuc gian tiep: do dong

s co va ien ap tiep xuc ln nen can co t
ong ngat khi co h hong cach ien.
T ong ngat bang CB, cau ch hoac RCD .
Neu bao ve chong tiep xuc gian tiep c trang b
thiet b bao ve qua dong _CB , Cau ch _ th cac ac
tnh tng t nh cua s o TN-C se c s dung.
- s dung RCD vi dong tac ong 500mA se tranh
c h hong ve ien. Nhng h hong nay xay ra do
h hong cach ien hoac ngan mach qua tong tr.

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TTiem trung tnh cua may
+ phng phap noi at:
bien ap c noi trc tiep vi at. Vo cac
thiet b se c noi ti cc noi at bang day
noi at. Cc noi at nay thng oc lap vi
cc noi at trung tnh bien ap.
+ bo tr day PE: day PE rieng biet vi day trung
tnh va c nh c theo dong s co ln nhat
co the xay ra.
+ bo tr bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep:
mach se c t ong ngat khi co h hong cach
ien. Cac RCD se am nhan chc nang nay.
Dong tac ong cua chung se be do co ien

He qua:

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TT

+ iem trung tnh cua bien ap c noi trc tiep vi

at.
Vo cac thiet b c noi ti cc noi at. Cc nay
thng tach biet vi cc noi at trung tnh bien ap.
+ bo tr PE: day PE tach biet vi day trung tnh va
c nh c theo dong s co ln nhat co the xay
ra.
oi vi li phan phoi, tiet dien cua PE co the
se nho hn so vi trng hp s o TN-S.

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TT
He qua:
+ tng hp ien t : trong ieu kien bnh thng, tren
dy PE khong b sut ap va cac khuyet iem nh cua
s o TN-C .Khi co h hong cach ien, dong s co
thng nho. V du, U~ 230V cc noi at co r 2,3,
dong s co khoang 100A. o sut ap, cac nhieu ien
t va s khac biet ien ap qua o gia 2 thiet b
c noi vi nhau bang cap boc thng nhe hn so vi
s o TN-S co the bo qua.

He qua:

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TT

+ bo tr bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep:

- t ong ngat khi co s co h hong cach ien
c thc hien bang RCD. Dong tac ong cua no
phai nho;
- RCD thng c lap them di dang rle vao CB
va di dang RCCB vao cau ch. Chung co the bao
ve mach n hoac nhom mach va dong thao tac
thng c chon theo gia tr ln nhat cua ien tr
cc noi at cua cac vo thiet b.
- s co mat cua RCD lam n gian hoa thiet ke
va cac ieu kien rang buoc. Khong can thiet phai
biet tong tr nguon va khong co gii han ve chieu
dai mach (ngoai tr khi can tranh o sut ap qua
ln). Li co the c cai tao hoac m rong ma
khong can tnh lai hoac o lai.

He qua:

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
TT

+ hoa hoan: s dung RCD vi dong 500mA se tranh

c hoa hoan do ien
+ tng hp ien t: dong khi co s co h hong
cach ien ch ton tai trong thi gian ngan, nho hn
100ms (hoac nho hn 400ms tren li phan phoi) va
co gia tr nho.

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT tnh cua may bien ap
+ cach noi at: iem trung
c cach ly vi at hoac noi at qua ien tr va
bo han che qua ap. Vo cac thiet b va vat dan t
nhien cua toa nha se c noi ti ien cc noi
at rieng.
+ bo tr day PE: day PE se tach biet vi day trung
tnh va c nh c theo dong s co ln nhat co
the.
+ bo tr bao ve chong cham ien gian tiep: dong s
co khi h hong cach ien mot iem thng thap va
khong nguy hiem.
Kho co kha nang xay ra ong thi s co hai iem
neu lap at mot thiet b bao cach ien e bao tn
hieu khi s xay ra s co iem th nhat. T o co

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT

+ qua ap: trong ieu kien bnh thng day trung tnh,
vo thiet b va cc noi at co chung mot ien the.
Khi co s co t h hong cach ien trung ap , pha trung
ap cham sang ha ap , hieu ien the xuat hien co
the vt qua ien ap chu ng cua thiet b ha the.
Bo han che qua ap can c at e ngan chan kha
nang tang ien the gia phan mang ien va vo thiet
b.

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT

+ tnh lien tuc cung cap ien va tng hp ien t:

Dong s co iem th nhat khi h hong cach ien
thng thap.
S co iem th nhat do h hong cach ien ha ap
se khong tao ra s sut ap nao hoac nhieu ien t
tren dai tan rong tng ng vi dong s co cach
ien truyen thong:
+ qua ap: sau s co iem th nhat, cac thiet b
tiep tuc lam viec va ien ap day se dan xuat

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT

+ tnh lien tuc cung cap ien va tng hp ien t: s

co iem th hai co the xay ra tren pha khac, no se
tao dong ngan mach va gay nguy hiem.
+ bo tr day PE: PE can mac rieng biet vi day trung
tnh va nh c theo dong s co ln nhat
+ tng hp ien t: trong ieu kien bnh thng va
tham ch khi co s co cham vo iem th nhat,
khong co sut ap tren PE. S ang the se ton tai
gia PE, day noi at lam viec, vo cac thiet b va
vat dan t nhien cua toa nha.

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT

+ bo tr chong cham ien gian tiep: dong s co khi co

s co cham vo iem th nhat thng rat be va
khong nguy hiem.
Thiet b kiem soat cach ien c lap at e phat
hien cham vo mot iem . Thiet b nay se theo doi va
ch th s co iem th nhat e giup nh v va loai
tr no.
Cac thiet b bao ve c thiet ke e van hanh khi

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT

Thiet b chong dong ro cung co the c dung.

Neu hai s co xay ra pha sau cua cung mot RCD,
thiet b co the coi dong s co nh dong tai va co
the khong tac ong. Mot RCD tach biet can c
lap rieng cho moi mach. Neu 2 ni tren cung li
s dung mot s o IT co cac ien cc noi at cua
chung tach biet nhau th RCD can phai c at
tren au vao cua chung. ieu nay cho phep tranh
h hong cach ien tren pha th nhat cua ni th
nhat va h hong cach ien tren pha th hai cua ni

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT

+ hoa hoan: s dung bo kiem soat h hong cach

ien va co the dung RCD vi dong 500mA e
tranh hoa hoan do ien.
+ thiet ke va van hanh:
- cac nhan vien bao tr c huan luyen e co
kha nang nh v ung va loai tr s co iem
th nhat;
- cong trnh ien can c thiet ke can than: s
dung s o IT khi co yeu cau cao ve lien tuc cung

He qua

ac tnh cua s o noi

at
IT

- Neu RCD 30mA c dung e bao ve mach o cam

th :
Dong ro ien dung - at pha sau RCD khong c
vt qua 10mA.
Neu cac tai cua cac mach nh vay khong quan
trong lam, thiet b RCD se tac ong khi co s co h
hong cach ien iem th nhat va loai tr no. Neu
khong, nen tranh s dung o cam hoac can phai
thc hien cac bien phap khac.

Tieu chuan chon la

Khong co mot s o noi at nao la a dung
ca. Khi la chon s o noi at can phan tch
cac trng hp rieng biet va s la chon
cuoi cung da theo cac rang buoc ac biet
cua li ien.
S la chon tot nhat thng bao gom nhieu
s o noi at khac nhau cho cac phan khac
nhau cua li

Chon la cach noi at

Bien phap thc hien

Xng co o tin cay cung cap ien tuyet oi

(IT) va co lo ho quang (TN) . S dung bien ap
ha /ha cung cap cho lo trong s o kieu TN.

Chon la cach noi at

Bien phap thc hien

X nghiep vi phu tai (chu yeu la may han

oi hoi s o TN), xng sn vi yeu cau cung
cap ien lien tuc bang mang kieu IT oc lap
qua bien the ha/ha.

Chon la cach noi at

Ket luan
Ket luan:
Toi u hoa van hanh li se quyet nh viec
chon s o noi at bao gom:
+ von au t ban au;
+ chi ph cho van hanh trong tng lai do khong u
o tin cay, chat lng vat lieu, an toan.v.v.
Mot cau truc ly tng bao gom:
- nguon cung cap bnh thng;
- nguon d tr
hp.

tai cho va s o noi at thch

S O NOI
AT TN

TN - C

TN - S

So sanh hai s
o

S O TN C
Cach thc
hien
Cac iem
can lu y
Pham vi ng
dung
u, khuyet
iem

CACH THC HIEN S O

TN - C
A
B
C
PEN

Thiet
b

Thiet
b

CAC IEM CAN LU

Y
RCD khong c s dung e ngat ien trong
mach nay v s co h hong cach ien coi nh
ngan mach pha trung tnh
Nhiem vu cua ien tr noi at lap lai la
giam Utx khac phuc tnh trang UN at. Khi
co hien tng cham vo th Rndll c noi doc
theo day PEN.
Day PEN can thoa cac ieu kien cua 2
chc nang la day trung tnh va chc nang
PE.
UPEN cha hai bc cao gay nhiu.

PHAM VI NG DUNG

S o TN C khong c phep s dung oi

vi cac day nho hn 10mm2 ( day Cu ) va
16mm2 (day Al ) va thiet b ien cam tay.
S o TN C khong dung ni co kha nang
chay no cao v khi noi cac vat dan t
nhien cua toa nha vi day PEN se tao
nen dong chay trong cong trnh gay nguy
hiem hoa chay va nhieu ien t.

U KHUYET IEM
u iem:

- Phat hien phan t cham vo n gian.

- Mach n gian.
- t ton kem.
Khuyet iem:

- Khong am bao tnh lien tuc cung cap

ien
- Dong cham ln
Nguy c chay no cao , nhieu ien t
ln.

V DU TNH TOAN
Upha=220
V

0.05

0.1

E 0.15

30A

B
0.05
C

0.1
N

0.2

0.15
E

Thiet b
1

Ne
n

Thiet b
` 2

Utx1
3V

`
Thiet
b
3

Utx2
6V

Rnht = 4

> 20 m

10 m

4.5
Utx3
V

Rnen 0
> 20 m

PEN

0.05

0.05
Y

5m

S O THAY
THE
F

0.05

0.1

Ich = 400A

0.05
X,Y
0.05

0.1

0.2
Utx2=Utx3
140V

Utx1
40V

V DU TNH TOAN
Upha=220
V

0.05

0.1

E 0.15

27A

A
B

0.05

0.05
C

0.1
N

26.16
A

0.2

0.05
Thiet b
1

Ne
n

0.15

0.05
C

Thiet b
` 2

Utx1
-0.744V

`
Thiet
b
3

Utx2
4.9V

Rnht = 4

0.84A

> 20 m

8.4V
Utx3

Rnen 0
> 20 m

PEN

10 m
Rnll =
10

5m

S O THAY THE
F

0.05

0.1

Ich =
404.58A

0.05
X,Y

0.1

0.2

6.018
Utx1
V

I2 = 8.4A

I1 = 396.18A

0.05
E

Utx2
85.43
V

0.15
Ux2
10

43.89
Utx3
V
Ux3

BANG SO SANH KET QUA

Bnh
thng

Cham vo

Cha nll

Ndll thiet
b 3

Iday trung tnh (A)

30

26.16

Utx1 (V)

-0.744

Utx2 (V)

4.9

Utx3 (V)

4.5

8.4

Icham (A)

400

404.58

Utx1 (V)

40

6.018

Utx2 (V)

140

85.43

Utx3 (V)

140

43.87

S O TN S

Cach thc
hien
Cac iem
can lu y
Pham vi ng
dung
u,khuyet

CACH THC
HIEN
S O TN - S

iem trung tnh cua bien ap c noi 1

lan tai au vao cua li
Vo kim loai va vat dan t nhien c
noi vi day bao ve PE(day nay c
noi vi trung tnh cua may bien ap)

CACH THC
HIEN
S O TN - S
A
B
C
N
PE

Thiet
b

Thiet
b

CAC IEM CAN LU Y

S o TNS la bat buoc oi vi mach co

tiet dien nho hn 10mm2(Cu) va 16mm2(Al)
Day PE tach biet vi day trung tnh va
c nh kch c theo dong s co ln
nhat co the xay ra.
T ong ngat ien khi co h hong cach
ien bang cach s dung cac CB, cau ch
hoac RCD.

Pham vi ng dung
Day bao ve va trung tnh la rieng biet. oi
vi cap co vo boc ch, day bao ve thngla
vo ch. He TN-S la bat buoc oi vi mach co
tiet dien nho hn 10 mm 2 (Cu) va 16 mm2 (Al)
hoac cac thiet b di ong.
S o TN-S: nen dung cho li c theo doi
kiem tra thng xuyen hoac li khong m
rong, cai tao. S o nay thng ch can cac
RCD co o nhay trung bnh.

U KHUYET IEM

u iem: trong ieu kien lam viec

bnh thng, tren day PE khong co
sut ap khong tao nen nhieu ien
t .
Khuyet iem: khi xay ra cham ien,
dong cham va ien ap tiep xuc
ln
nguy c chay no cao.

S O NOI AT TT
Cach thc
hien
Cac iem
can lu y
Cach tnh
toan kiem tra
Pham vi ng
dung
S o phoi
hp

CACH THC HIEN

S dung MBA Trung/Ha the cap nguon
loai /-11.
iem trung tnh cuon ha cua MBA cung
cap c noi at trc tiep
Vo thiet b c ket noi vi he thong
noi at thong qua 1 day bao ve chung
PE
Day PE bao ve va day trung tnh nguon
tach rieng

S o TT ien
hnh
0

A
B
C
N

5
PE

2
M

Hnh: 0 - MBA nguon;

1- ong
c3 ; 2 - ong
c1 ; 3 - Taibt
4 - CB 3 pha;5- CB1 pha;6 - Noi
at
vo;
7 - Noi
at
HT.

AC IEM
Utx = 0
The cua vo thiet
b bang
vi the cua at
=> an toan
Day PE co sut ap
be nen
co the chon tiet
dien nho
U
0
Ihn
mang TN
0
d Ra R R R
day at:
cd
Dong bi vao

MangTT luc
taibnhthng

Rcd -> 0

b/Cham
vo:

Dong i vao at:

ien ap tiep xuc:

Mang nong thon:

Nhan xet:
Dong Icham nho hn s
o
TN nen anh hng
nhieu ien
t thap.

Khi co
scocham
vo

c/Van hanh lau

ngay:
giam
xuong gia tr u be , xay

Rcd
ra hien tng ro ien
Dong i vao at:
Dong nay co gia tr rat nho
Nhan xet:
Neu Icham 30mA : nguy hiem. Cac CB
khong phat hien c dong nay.
Neu Icham 300mA va vi thi gian u
lau, dong nay co the gay chay no.
S dung RCDs cat thiet b .

Khi co s co
cham
ieu
kien vo
e tnh toan kiem tra:
In dong ngng cat ro cua RCDs
Ucp=50V ien ap cho phep
Neu chon RCDs trc, ta phai noi at
vo thiet b sao cho ien tr noi at
Ngc lai neu, chon trc Ra, th phai
mua RCDs co dong cat ngng
Thi gian tac ong cua RCDs: t < 0,5s

Ket hp bao ve chong cham

trc kien
tiep:
ieu
e tnh toan kiem tra:
Utx = 220V
Dong qua ngi:
Chon RCDs co dong cat ngng 10, 20,
30mA
Thi gian cat tc thi t < 0,05s
In

ien tr cc ai
cua ien cc noi
at
50V

25V

3A

16

1A

50

25

500m
A

100

50

Chong chay no:

Chon RCDs theo
k:
In 300mA

83 cc noi at cua thiet b

Bang 300m
gii han ien166
tr cao nhat cuaien

PHAM VI NG
DUNG
Do tnh n gian va t
anh hng nhieu
ien t, s o TT
c s dung rong
rai
1-S dung thay the TN
cac iem c kh
nho, tren cac cong
trnh xay dng, cac
xng thu cong...
o, thng s dung
cac phu tai ien di
ong, cam tay co
cong suat nho va
gap kho khan hoac
khong kinh te khi keo
day trung tnh bao ve
PE en ni dung ien

A
B
C
N

2
M

Chu
thch: 0 - MBA nguon;
1- ong
c3 ; 2 - ong
c1 ; 3- Taibt
4 - CB 3 pha;5- CB1 pha;7 - Noi
at
HT; 6 - Noi
at
vo.

Khi nay tai moi thiet b dung ien ta thc hien

noi at cho no. Bien phap nay co the ap
dung khi cong suat phu tai nho va viec noi
at de thc hien, hay a co san noi at t
nhien (coc, mong bang cot thep cua cong
trnh)
2-He thong TT s dung pho bien ni co
nhieu thiet b thong tin ien t.
3-S dung s o TT tai ni co yeu cau chong
giat, chong chay no cao nh cac toa nha cao
tang, khach san, cac x nghiep vi vat lieu
de chayKhi o, day bao ve PE phai c
noi ang the vi at tai moi v tr.

S O PHOI HP
HE THONG NOI
AT TT VI RCDS
0

A
B
C
N
I n 0.5 A

I n 0.3 A

I n 0.1A

2
M

Hnh: 0 - MBA nguon;

1- ong
c3 ; 2 - ong
c1 ; 3- Taibt
4 - CBR 3 cc;5- CBR 1cc;6
- Noiat
Vo;7 - Noiat
HT

Theo yeu cau cung

cap ien lien tuc
nhat la trong mang
phan phoi, tai moi
thiet b nen co 1
RCDs ( 3 cc hoac 2 cc
tuy vao loai thiet b)
bao ve chong cham
gian tiep. Khi cham
vo thiet b nao th
cat thiet b o.
cap bao ve tong
nen dung RCDs 4 cc
co dong tac ong ro
danh nh In bang
tong cua dong tac
ong ro cua cac
RCDs lap cho tng
thiet b va khong co
thi gian tre.

V DU
V du 1:Cho mang TT vi 2 thiet b. Phan tch an toan.

220V
0

0,5

0,3
5

0,2

4 0,2
2

3
b1
Thiet

Nen

20m
RndHT 4

Utx1

b2
Thiet

5m

5m
Rnd 10

Hnh: V dutnhtoan
so
TT

Utx2

A
B
C
N
PE

Ich

32

1
0.5

0.3

14.67
A
0.2

4
0.2

Utx1
100V

Utx2
102.94
V

10

Ux2

Ux1

Hnh: S o
phan
bo
dong
cham
vo

Nhan xet:
Do vo cac thiet b c noi chung nen ien ap tren vo cac
thiet b xap x nhau
Utx >50V => nguy hiem. Bien phap giam Utx:
220
220
Tang RndHT hay mac R noi tiep RndHT I ch
7,33 R
15 15
15 R
7,33
V du: Utx=50V th:
U
50

I ch

tx1

100
Rnd
10
2 .5
10

7,33 A

Giam khoang cach x. Thc chat cach nay la mac ang the
day PE vi at. Trong cac toa nha
cao tang ni co yeu cau
chong giat cao thng mac vo cac thiet b vao day PE, noi
day PE vi khung san kim loai cua toa nha roi noi at. V du 2
se chng minh ieu nay.

V du 2 : Cho mang TT vi 2 thiet b va 2 cho noi

at.

220V
0

0,5

0,3
0,2 5

0,2

4 0,2
2

3
b1
Thiet

Nen

20m
RndHT 4

0m
Rnd 10

Utx1

b2
Thiet

20m

0m
Rnd 10

Hnh: V dutnhtoan
so
TT

Utx2

A
B
C
N
PE

Ich

0.5

32

1
0.3

21.78
A
0.2

4
I1

0.2

4.36
Utx2
V

0.2

10
4

I2

U
0V
tx1

10

Ux1

Ux2
11.1A

10.68
A

Hnh: S o
phan
bo
dong
cham
vo

Nhan xet:
Viec noi ang the day PE va at se giam
c Utx rat nhieu. o ln Utx oi vi thiet
b khong cham vo luon bang 0 con vi thiet
b cham vo bang dong cham vo nhan vi
ien tr oan day PE. Ma thng day PE co
gia tr kha nho nen Utx co gia tr be

VAI S CO XAY RA S
O
a - S xam nhap ien
apTT
cao sang ien ap thap:
Xay ra do hong cach ien gia MV va LV cua MBA
nguon. Khi o co 1 dong cham at chay qua Rnd
cua MV va LV nh hnh:
A
B
C

Id
RndTrung

PE

Id
RndHa

RndTb

Hnh: S xam
nhap
ien
ap
caosangien
ap
thap

a - S xam nhap ien ap cao sang ien ap thap:

Xay ra do hong cach ien gia MV va LV cua MBA nguon. Khi
o co 1 dong cham at chay qua Rnd cua MV va LV nh hnh:

Id
ien ap at len RndHa

U pha
RndHa RndTrung Rday

U n I d .RndHa

A
B

Phan bo ien ap tren vo thiet b

U pha vo U vo dat U n U pha 0

Do vo thiet b c noi at nen:

U vo dat 0

=> Van an toan

U pha vo U pha U n U pha

Id
RndTrung

PE

Id
RndHa

RndTb

Hnh: S xam
nhap
ien
ap
caosangien
ap
thap

Bien phap : s dung thiet b han che qua ap ha the LA

(Lightning Arrester) at au ra pha ha the cua MBA .

b - Set:

Khi co song set tren MV, song se c truyen thong

qua 1 tu t nhien gia cac cuon day MBA, en day dan
cuon LV va ien ap co the len en 10kV. Mac du, no
a giam dan i do anh hng cua cac tu ien rai gia
mang ien va at, nhng cung can at cac thiet b
gii han ien ap (TB chong set) tai au mang LV, ni ma
s o noi at c s dung (xem hnh).

S O
IT

NGUYEN TAC THC HIEN

TNH TOAN S O
GII THIEU CAC THIET B DUNG TRONG S O

PHAM VI NG DUNG
MOT SO IEM CAN LU Y

S O NOI
AT IT

S O
IT

NGUYEN
LY

* Noi at khong qua tong tr ZS:

Rn

thiet b

S O
IT

NGUYEN
LY

* Tong tr tng ng vi tong tr cach ien

trong s o IT

S O
IT

NGUYEN
LY

Noi at qua tong tr ZS:

Trung

Bo han che
qua ap

Ha

Zs

Nguyen ly
noi at:
Cach noi at: iem trung tnh cua
may bien ap c cach ly vi at
hoac noi at qua ien tr va bo
han che qua ap.Vo cua thiet b va
vat dan t nhien cua toa nha se
c noi ti ien cc noi at rieng.
Bo tr day PE : Day PE se tach biet
vi day trung tnh va c nh c
theo dong s co ln nhat.

LU
Y: Cac thiet b co the c noi at
vi day PE chung

Hoac c noi at rieng cho tng

thiet b :

TNH TOAN S
O IT

S O IT LOAI I ( TRUNG TNH CACH LY)

S CO CHAM IEM TH NHAT

S CO CHAM IEM TH HAI

S O IT LOAI II (NOI AT QUA TONG TR)

S CO CHAM IEM TH NHAT

S CO CHAM IEM TH HAI

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO IEM TH
NHAT

U
UTX
=0
TX=?

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO IEM TH
NHAT

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO IEM TH
NHAT

UC

UB

ICC
ICB
I

ICA
N

UA

C
B
A

Lu y :

ICC
ICB
ICA =
0
IN

RB << XC
Bo qua anh
hng cua
dong tai

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO IEM TH NHAT
C

UC

UB

ICC

ICC
ICB

ICA

UA

ICB

ICA =
0
IN

.
. .
.
U. AN 0.
0
U BN U B U at U B U A U AB U d30

.
.
U at U A

Dong s co :

I N I CB I CC

U CN U C U at U C U A U CA U 150 0
d

U BN U CN

XC

U d30O U d150O

Xc

3U d0O

Xc

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO IEM TH
NHAT
IN
Xc = 10K

3U d 3Up

Xc
Xc
IN = 3 * 220 / 10 = 66 mA
Utx = Ich * Rndtb = 0.066A * 30W =
1.98 V

Khong gay nguy hiem cho

ngi
Khong gay chay no, gay
nhieu
am bao tnh lien tuc cao

S O IT LOAI I

He
qua :

S CO CHAM VO IEM TH
NHAT

.
. .
.
U. AN 0.
0
U

30
B
at
B
A
AB
BN
d
.

U CN U C U at U C U A U CA U 150 0
d

Thiet b phai co mc
cach ien cao

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
5

Id

A
B
C

N
PE

PIM

XCpha-dat

Rn
RA

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
I.AC IEM:

t xay ra do khi co s co cham iem

th nhat th a co thiet b PIM bao tn
hieu , ngi van hanh se co bien phap
ngan chan cham vo iem th hai.

Rat nguy hiem do dong s co va ien

II.PHAN TCH:
ap tiep xuc rat ln.
Gia thiet:
Xem tiet dien va chieu dai cua day
dan la nh nhau.
Trong qua trnh xay ra s co, ien ap
cua nhanh bang 80% ien ap lam viec.

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
Tnh toan:

Tong tr mach vong s

l
ien tr cua day
co
gom
co:
Rpha
Spha dan pha hay trung tnh
khi mach xay ra s
l
co. tr cua day
ien
RPEN
SPEN dan PEN
0.8 * U 0
Id
Dong s
(RPha RPEN )
co:
Vi:
U0 la ien ap pha-trung tnh neu mang noi
at IT co 4 day.
U0 la ien ap pha-pha neu mang noi at

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
III.MOT SO V DU:

V du 1:
Id

B
C
N

PE

3
PIM

XCpha-dat

Rn

2
RA

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
S o tng ng:
1
38
0V

0.5
Icha
m

0.3

Dong cham vo:

2
0.3

I=
0
30

3
0.2
4
Utx
1

Utx
2

U
380
I cham

292( A)
R 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
ien ap tiep xuc cua
ngi khi cham vao thiet b
U tx1 I cham* R34 292 * 0.2 87.6(V )
1:
ien ap tiep xuc cua ngi khi cham vao thiet
b 1 co gia tr am ( chieu ien ap ngc vi
chieu quy c) do the at ln hn the nut 4.
ien ap tiep xuc cua ngi khi cham vao thiet
b 2:

U tx2 I cham* R23 292 * 0.3 58.4(V )

Nhan xet:

Dong s co Id=292A va ien ap tiep xuc

Utx1=87.6V va Utx2=58.4V ln do o phai cat
hai thiet b cham vo bang CB va cau ch.

S O IT LOAI
II

S CO CHAM VO IEM TH NHAT

S O IT LOAI
IIS CO CHAM VO IEM TH
NHAT

UC
UB

ICC

UA

ICB
ZN

ICA
N

ZN

IZ

ICC

C
B

ICB N

ICA
=0

IN=
I Id

Lu y :
RB << XC
Bo qua anh
hng cua
dong tai

S O IT LOAI
II

S CO CHAM VO IEM TH NHAT

UC
UB

ICC

UA

ICB
ZN

Tnh dong IZ

ICA

ZN

ICB N

ICA
=0

IN=
I Id

IZ

UA UA
Iz

Z
R

Id

IN

3U A

Tnh dong Id

Tnh dong IN

I N (I I )

ICC

IZ hay IR

XC
2
d

2
Z

S O IT LOAI
II

S CO CHAM VO IEM TH NHAT

UC

Tnh dong Id

UB

ICC

UA

ICB
ZN

ICA

ICB N

ICA
=0

IN=
I Id

IZ

.
. .
.
U. AN 0.
0
U BN U B U at U B U A U AB U d30
.

Dong Id :

ICC

.
.
U at U A

ZN

I N I CB I CC

U CN U C U at U C U A U CA U 150 0
d

U BN U CN

XC

U d30 U d150
O

Xc

3U d0

Xc

.
3U A
.
XC

S O IT LOAI
II

S CO CHAM VO IEM TH NHAT

Ket
qua :

220V 3
220V
66mA
Iz
22mA I d
10 K
10 K

I N (66 2 22 2 ) 69.57 mA
Utx = Ich * Rndtb = 0.066A * 30W =
1.98 V

Khong gay nguy

hiem cho ngi
Khong gay chay
no, gay nhieu
am bao tnh
lien tuc cao

S O IT LOAI II
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
Id
3
2
1
N
PE
Thanh gop

Zct

Rn

S O IT LOAI II
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
V du :
Trung the /
400V
1
10

Trng hp n gian la cham vo

iem th nhat au nguon va
chamIdvo iem th hai
2 cuoi A
B
nguon. 9
C
6

PE

Thanh
gop

Zct

Rn

RA

Day dan co:

Chieu dai: l=50m
Tiet dien: S=35mm2
ien tr suat cua day ong: =22.5(m.mm2/m)

S O IT LOAI II
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
R23

S o tng
ng:
Day PE co cung
tiet dien va chieu
dai nh day pha. Do
o:
l
50

R69 2

2 * 22.5

35

Icham
R45
380
V

R89

R67

Utx1

64.3(m)

R29 2 R69 2 * 64.3 129(m)

Dong
s co:
0.8 3U 0
0.8 3 * 230 * 10 3
Id

2470( A)
R
129

Utx2

S O IT LOAI I
S CO CHAM VO HAI EM
ien ap tiep
xuc 1:

64.3
3
U tx1 I d * R67 2470 *
*10 79.4105(V )
2
ien ap tiep xuc 1 mang gia tr
am (chieu dong ien quy c
ngc vi chieu dong thc) v ien
the cua at ln hn ien the cua
nut 7

64.3
3
Uien
*10 79.4105(V )
xuc* 2:
tx2 Iap
d * Rtiep
45 2470
2

CAC HE QUA KHI DUNG S

O IT
BIEN PHAP KHAC PHUC
S co cham 1
iem
Thiet b giam sat cach
Sien
PIM2
co cham
iem Cat s co bang CB / CC
bao
veap
mach
Qua
ien

Thiet b chong
qua ap OL

S O IT
PHAM VI NG DUNG
- S dung trong mang trung ,
ha the
- S dung nhng ni oi hoi tnh
lien tuc cung cap ien cao

Nha may
Benh ien
San
- S
vien
dung nhng nibay
oi hoi
chong chay no
Tu thy
Ham
- S
dung vi nhng thiet b
mo
x ly thong tin ( theo IEC 950)
Rada
Quoc
Ve

S O IT
MOT SO LU Y

Nghien cu, th nghiem qua

ap, dong dung ro
Co cac nhan vien bao dng co
kha nang xac nh , sa cha v tr
s co cham s co au
Chon thiet b theo ien ap
day
Tranh tnh trang cham 2
iem
Day PE mac rieng vi day
trung tnh