Heat Transfer/Heat Exchanger

How is the heat transfer?

Mechanism of Convection
Applications .
Mean fluid Velocity and Boundary and their effect on the rate of heat
transfer.
Fundamental equation of heat transfer
Logarithmic-mean temperature difference.
Heat transfer Coefficients.
Heat flux and Nusselt correlation
Simulation program for Heat Exchanger

How is the heat transfer?

Heat can transfer between the surface of a solid conductor
and the surrounding medium whenever temperature
gradient exists.
Conduction
Convection
Natural convection
Forced Convection

Natural and forced Convection

Natural convection occurs whenever heat flows

between a solid and fluid, or between fluid
layers.
As a result of heat exchange
Change in density of effective fluid layers taken
place, which causes upward flow of heated
fluid.
If this motion is associated with heat transfer mechanism
only, then it is called Natural Convection

Forced Convection
If this motion is associated by mechanical means such as
pumps, gravity or fans, the movement of the fluid is
enforced.
And in this case, we then speak of Forced convection.

Heat
Exchangers
A device
whose primary purpose is the transfer of energy
between two fluids is named a Heat Exchanger.

Applications of Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchangers
prevent car engine
overheating and
increase efficiency
Heat exchangers are
used in Industry for
heat transfer

Heat
exchangers are
used in AC and
furnaces

 The closed-type exchanger is the most popular one.

One example of this type is the Double pipe exchanger.

In this type, the hot and cold fluid streams do not come
into direct contact with each other. They are separated by
a tube wall or flat plate.

Principle of Heat Exchanger

First Law of Thermodynamic: Energy is conserved.

0

dE

dt

0
0
0

.hin m
.hout q
w
s e
generated
m

in
out

Qh A.m h .C ph .Th
Qc A.m c .C pc .Tc

Control Volume

m .h m .h
in

out

COLD
Qh
HOT

Cross Section Area

Thermal Boundary Layer

THERMAL

Region III: Solid

Cold Liquid
Convection

BOUNDARY LAYER

Energy moves from hot fluid

to a surface by convection,
through the wall by
conduction, and then by
convection from the surface to
the cold fluid.

NEWTONS LAW OF
CCOLING

dqx hc .Tow Tc .dA

Th

Ti,wall

Region I : Hot LiquidSolid Convection

To,wall

Q hot

Tc
Q cold

NEWTONS LAW OF
CCOLING

dqx hh .Th Tiw .dA

Region II : Conduction
Across Copper Wall
FOURIERS LAW

dT
dqx k.
dr

 Velocity distribution and boundary layer

When fluid flow through a circular tube of uniform crosssuction and fully developed,
The velocity distribution depend on the type of the flow.
In laminar flow the volumetric flowrate is a function of the
radius.
r D/2

u2rdr

r 0

V=volumetricflowrate
u=averagemeanvelocity

 In turbulent flow, there is no such distribution.

The molecule of the flowing fluid which adjacent to the
surface have zero velocity because of mass-attractive
forces. Other fluid particles in the vicinity of this layer,
when attempting to slid over it, are slow down by viscous
forces.
Boundary
layer

 Accordingly the temperature gradient is larger at the wall

and through the viscous sub-layer, and small in the
turbulent core.

qx hAT
qx hA(Tw T)

Tubewall
heating

Warm fluid

Metal
wall

Twh
cold fluid

cooling
Tc

Twc

k
qx A(Tw T)

The reason for this is

1) Heat must transfer through the boundary layer by
conduction.

2) Most of the fluid have a low thermal conductivity (k)

3) While in the turbulent core there are a rapid moving
eddies, which they are equalizing the temperature.

U = The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m.K]

Region I : Hot Liquid
Solid Convection
Region II : Conduction

Across Copper Wall

Region III : Solid
Cold Liquid Convection

Th Tc

qx hhot .Th Tiw .A

qx

kcopper .2L
r
ln o
ri

qx hc To,wall Tc Ao

qx
R1 R2 R3

qx U.A.Th Tc

To,wall Ti,wall

ro
qx .ln
ri

k copper .2L

ro
ln

r
1
1
i

Th Tc qx

hh .Ai k copper .2L hc .Ao

ro . ln

qx
hh .Ai

qx
To,wall Tc
hc .Ao

ro

r
ro
1
i

hhot .ri
k copper .ri
hcold

1
U
A.R

Th Tiw

Calculating U using Log Mean Temperature

Hot Stream :

dqh m h .C ph .dTh

Cold Stream:

dqc m c .C .dTc

d (T ) dTh dTc

T Th Tc

c
p

dq dqhot dqcold

T2

T1

T1

dqh
dqc

m .C h m .C c
c
p
h p

d (T )

1
1

d (T ) U .T .dA.

m .C h m .C c
c
p
h p

dq U .T .dA

T2

Th Tc A2
d (T )
. dA
U .

T
qc A1
qh

d (T )
1
1
U .

m .C h m .C c
T
c
p
h p

A1

. 2 dA

T2
U . A.

Th Tc U . A Thin Thout Tcin Tcout
q
q
T1

ln

q U .A
Log Mean Temperature

T2 T1
T2

ln
T1

Log Mean Temperature evaluation

m h .C ph . T3 T6 m c .C pc . T7 T10
T2 T1
TLn
U

T2
A.TLn
A.TLn

ln
T1
COUNTER CURRENT FLOW

1 CON CURRENT FLOW

2
T3

T4

T6

T1

T1
T2

T6

Wall

T7

T2

T8
T9

T10

T10
T1

T4

T5

T2

T10
T1

T6

T3

T4

T2

T5

T3
T9

T8
T7

ParallelFlow

T1 T T
in
h

T6

in
c

T3 T7

T2 Thout Tcout T6 T10

T8

T7

T9

CounterCurrentFlow

T1 T Tcout T3 T7
in
h

T2 Thout Tcin T6 T10

q hh Ai Tlm
(T T ) (T6 T2 )
Tlm 3 1
(T T )
ln 3 1
(T6 T2 )

2
T3

T4

T1

T7

T6

Wall

T6
T2

T8
T9

T10

q hc Ao Tlm
Tlm

(T1 T7 ) (T2 T10 )

(T1 T7 )
ln
(T2 T10 )

DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS TO CHARACTERIZE A HEAT EXCHANGER

Nu f (Re,Pr, L / D, b / o )
h.D
k

v.D.

Further Simplification:

C p .
k

Nu a.Re b .Pr c

D
Nu

Can Be Obtained from 2 set of experiments

One set, run for constant Pr

And second set, run for constant Re

k
q A(Tw T )

Empirical Correlation
For laminar flow
Nu = 1.62 (Re*Pr*L/D)
For turbulent flow

Nu Ln 0.026. Re . Pr
0.8

1/ 3

.
o

Good To Predict within 20%

Conditions:
L/D > 10
0.6 < Pr < 16,700
Re > 20,000

0.14

Experimental
Apparatus
Switch for concurrent
and countercurrent
flow

Temperature
Indicator

Hot Flow
Rotameters

Cold Flow
rotameter

Heat
Temperature
Controller Controller

Two copper concentric pipes

Inner pipe (ID = 7.9 mm, OD = 9.5 mm, L = 1.05 m)
Outer pipe (ID = 11.1 mm, OD = 12.7 mm)

Thermocouples placed at 10 locations along exchanger, T1 through T10

Theoretical trend
y = 0.8002x 3.0841

Examples of Exp. Results

Theoretical trend
y = 0.026x

Experimental trend
y = 0.0175x 4.049
Experimental trend
y = 0.7966x 3.5415

Theoretical trend
y = 0.3317x + 4.2533

Experimental Nu = 0.0175Re0.7966Pr0.4622
Theoretical
Experimental trend
y = 0.4622x 3.8097

Nu = 0.026Re0.8Pr0.33

Effect of core tube velocity on the local and

over all Heat Transfer coefficients

-2

Heat Transfer Coefficient Wm K

35000
30000
25000
hi (W/m2K)
ho (W/m2K)
U (W/m2K)

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0

4
-1

Velocity in the core tube (ms )