Live Human Being Detection

wireless Remote Controlled Robot

Aim of the project

The main aim of this project is to detect the human being by

using the wireless remote controlled Robot, which have the
sensors that detects the presence of the human being and indicates
the user.
As it is a wireless Robot it can be easily mobilized and can be
controlled. This can be used to detect terrorists/thief inside the
building.

Block diagram

Major components

Regulated power supply.

Microcontrollers.
RF transmitter and receiver modules.
PIR sensor
Buzzer
Reset.
LED indicators.
DC motors with driver

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Every embedded system requires dc voltage and that that will
be 5v supply.
We are getting 230v, 50 Hz in our house hold applications.
We can be used to operate the home appliances like T.V,
cooler, fan, lights .
Digital electronic devices need digital supply and we can
get supply from regulated power supply block.

230 v AC

Step down
transformer
(V-0-12 )

Bridge
rectifier

Capacitive
filter

Regulator
(7805)

+5V DC

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a electromagnetic device which

induces the voltage due to magnetic field
present between primary and secondary
windings.

It has two windings called as primary winding

and secondary winding. We are giving input
230v input voltage at primary side. The output of
transformer is 12v(ac only).

We have two types of transformers

Step up Transformer.
Step down Transformer.

STEP UP
TRANSFORMER

STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER

This transformer will step This type of transformers

will step down the voltage. That

up the voltage that is this
transformer will increase the is this will convert high voltage
in to low voltage.
voltage.
e.g.. V-0-12

e.g.. 0- 430

RECTIFIER

Rectifier is circuit which converts the ac in to dc. We have two

types of rectifier.
1. Full wave rectifier
2. Half wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier again classified as follows

1. Bridge rectifier
2. Center tapped full wave rectifier

In this project we are using bridge rectifier because the

efficiency of the bridge rectifier is high compare to all
rectifiers.

Filter
The

output of rectifier is not pure DC. It may contain some

ripple components that is pulsating DC. To eliminate this
ripple components which are present in output we are using
filter.

Filter

is a circuit which is used to eliminate the ripples present

in rectified output.

We have

many types of filters. Most of the power supplies are

using capacitor filter to filter out the ripples present in output.

Regulator
The

output of filter is not constant output voltage it will varies

according to changes in input but we want constant output
voltage. For this purpose we are using voltage regulator.

Regulator

is defined as it is a device which will maintain

constant output irrespective of changes in input.

The

most popular regulator series is 78xx series. This series have

more advantages.

We are

using 7805 voltage regulator to maintain constant 5v

output voltage irrespective of changes in input voltage.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a computer system designed to

perform one or a few dedicated functions often with realtime computing constraints.

Embedded system is classified into 3 categories:

1.
2.
3.

Stand Alone Embedded System

Real-time embedded systems
Network communication embedded systems

Stand Alone Embedded System

These

systems takes the input in the form of

electrical
signals from transducers or commands from human beings
such as pressing of a button etc.., process them and produces
desired output. This entire process of taking input, processing
it and giving output is done in standalone mode. Such
embedded systems comes under stand alone embedded
systems

eg : microwave oven, air conditioner etc..

Real-time embedded systems

Embedded

systems which are used to perform a specific task

or operation in a specific time period those systems are called
as real-time embedded systems. There are two types of realtime embedded systems.

Hard Real-time embedded

systems
These

embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time

period i.e.., if the tasking is not done in a particular time
period then there is a cause of damage to the entire equipment.

Soft Real Time embedded systems

These

embedded systems follow a relative dead line time period

i.e.., if the task is not done in a particular time that will not cause
damage to the equipment.

eg
If

: Consider a TV remote control system.

the remote control takes a few milliseconds delay it will not cause
damage either to the TV or to the remote control. These systems
which will not cause damage when they are not operated at
considerable time period those systems comes under soft real-time
embedded systems.

Network communication embedded

systems
A wide

range network interfacing communication is provided by

using embedded systems.

eg:

Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with

internet can be used to spread communication like sending pictures,
images, videos etc.., to another computer with internet connection
throughout anywhere in the world.

Microcontroller
A microcontroller

is a small computer on a single integrated

circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with
support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog
timer, serial and analog I/O etc.

Microcontrollers

are also used in scientific, high technology,

and aerospace projects.

Microcontrollers

applications.

are designed for small or dedicated

Some microcontrollers may operate at clock rate frequencies

as low as 4 kHz, as this is adequate for many typical
applications, enabling low power consumption (mill watts or
microwatts)

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled

products and devices, such as automobile engine control
systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power
tools, and toys.

A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system

with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used
with an embedded system.

Microcontrollers must provide real time response to events in

the embedded system they are controlling. When certain
events occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to
suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to
begin an interrupt service routine (ISR, or "interrupt
handler").

Embedded processors are usually used to control devices,

they sometimes need to accept input from the device they are
controlling.

ABOUT PIC
MICROCONTROLLER

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made

by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640
originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics
Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral
Interface Controller".

A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the

low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs.
The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety
of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a
literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for
conditional execution, and program branching.

PIC CONTROLLER

PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources.

Low power crystal
Mid range crystal
High range crystal
RC oscillator (low cost).
Programmable timers and on-chip ADC.
Up to 12 independent interrupt sources.
Powerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) current
sourcing capability per pin.)
EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory option.
I/O port expansion capability.

PIC 16F877A
Program Memory Type

Flash

RAM Bytes

368

Data EEPROM (bytes)

256

Timers

2 x 8-bit, 1 x 16-bit

ADC

8 ch, 10-bit

Comparators

Program Memory (KB)

14

CPU Speed (MIPS)

Capture/Compare/PWM
Peripherals

2 CCP

Temperature Range (C)

-40 to 125

Operating Voltage Range

(V)

2 to 5.5

Pin Count

40

PIN DIAGRAM

PIR sensor

PIR stands for Passive Infra-Red. A Passive Infrared sensor

(PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared (IR)
light radiating from objects in its field of view.

PIR sensors are often used in the construction of PIR-based

motion detectors. Apparent motion is detected when an
infrared source with one temperature, such as a human, passes
in front of an infrared source with another temperature, such as
a wall.

All objects emit black body radiation. It is usually infrared

radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected
by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.

Features of PIR sensor

Complete with PIR, Motion Detection IC and Fresnel Lens

Dual Element Sensor with Low Noise and High Sensitivity

Supply Voltage: 5-20Vdc

Delay Time Adjustable: 5 seconds to 18 Minutes

Standard TTL Output

Module Dimensions: 28mm Length, 38mm Width, 40mm

Height

Specifications of PIR sensor

Rated Voltage : 230V AC 50Hz

Load Wattage : Max.1000W (incandescent bulb or Max.300W
fluorescent lamp)
Detection Area : Max. 14 meters
Detection Angle : Max. 120
Time-delay : From 15 seconds to 5 minutes adjustable
LUX control Level : From daytime to darkness adjustable
Advantages of PIR sensor:
No accessories required.
Very easy to installation.

Applications of PIR sensor

Common staircases.
For parking lights.
For garden lights.
For changing rooms in shops.
Alarm Systems.
Holiday animated Props.
Motion-activated lighting.
For corridors & many more.

RF transmitter circuit

433.92 MHz Frequency

Low Cost
1.5-12V operation
11mA current consumption at 3V
Small size
4 dbm output power at 3V

RF RECEIVER

Pin Description
A0~A7:

Input pins for address A0~A7 setting.

D0~D3:

Input pins for data

DOUT: Encoder
OSC1,
VCC
TE

data serial transmission output

OSC2 Oscillator input pin

Positive power supply

is a transmission enable pin of the HT12E.

Features
Low Cost
5V operation
3.5mA current drain
No External Part are required
Receiver Frequency: 433.92 MHZ
Typical sensitivity: -105dBm
IF Frequency: 1MHz

RF COMMUNICATION

Pin description

A0~A7 (HT12D): Input pins for address A0~A7 setting

These

D0~D (HT12D): Output data pins, power-on state are low.

DIN:

pins can be externally set to VSS or left open.

Serial data input pin

VT: Valid transmission, active high

OSC1:

Oscillator input pin

OSC2:

Oscillator output pin

DC MOTORS

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple

electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a
magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the
current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field.

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature),

stator, commutator, field magnet's, and brushes. In most
common DC motors the external magnetic field is produced by
high-strength permanent magnets.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that

radiates light (electro luminescence) when current passes
through it in the forward direction.

Infrared LED to work in our remote controls, and get other

ones of different colors to make indicators or, in large arrays,
displays - even color ones.

The color of the emitted light depends on the composition and

condition of the semi conducting material used, and can be
infrared, visible, or near-ultraviolet.

BUZZRER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic.

A buzzer can be operated on two principles.

1. piezo electric buzzer, it generates sound because of the
piezoelectric effect.

2. magnetic buzzer is based on the electromagnetic principle. I

this project we are going to use magnetic buzzer.
characteristics of buzzer circuit :
1. sound level -------------------70-95 dB
2. current consumption---------35-60 ma
3. resonant frequency---------- 1-3 khz

OSCILLATOR

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit

that produces a repetitive Electronic signal, often a sine wave
or a square wave.

PIC micro controller internally having 4mhz clock frequency.

We are giving the 20Mhz clock frequency as an external

source for increasing the system performance.

Advantages

Design of real time robot.

Wireless control of robot directions and movement.
Real time human detection.
Highly efficient and low cost design
Low power consumption

Future scope of this project

This

project can be extended using Zigbee technology, which

increases operating wireless distance.

Also a video camera can be used of the person being detected

get the photos.