LTE Overview

ZTE University

Objects

After the course,you will:

Know Mobile Network Evolution

Know LTE Protocol Standard
Master the LTE Architecture
Understand LTE Key Technology
Master the eNodeB Function
Know ZTE LTE Solution

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
ZTE LTE Solution

Drivers of Mobile Network Evolution

Wireless Internet - A New Paradigm for Mobile Communication

Evolution Trend of Mobile Technology

GSM

GPRS

EDGE

eEDGE

TDSCDMA
WCDMA
R99

HSPA

HSDPA
R5

MC-HSPA
MBMS
HSUPA
R6

HSPA+
R7

TDD

LTE

4G

MBMS
FDD

cdma 1x

cdma 2000

cdma 2000
EV-DO

EV-DO
Rev. A
EV-DO
Rev. B

802.16 d

2G

2.5G

2.75G

802.16 m

802.16 e

3G

3.5G

UMB

3.75G

3.9G

4G

Multi-Standards Coexist : OFDM, OFDMA and MIMO, basic technologies in different standards, are
employed in multi wireless access technology.
Multi-frequency Coexistence: More frequency bands are available and standardized.
Mobile Broadband: Increase spectrum utilization; reduce the cost of wireless data services; ready for
multimedia-based services.

Evolution of Speed

Technologies Comparison
802.16e (WiMAX)

LTE

HSPA+

FEATURE

TDD

OFDMA

FDD

WCDMA

FDD

OFDMA

MIMO

64QAM

MIMO

64QAM DL

TDD

SC-FDMA

16QAM UL

MIMO

64QAM

BW: 1.25 ~ 20MHz

BW: 5MHz

1.4 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 20MHz

DATA RATE

63.36Mbps DL

42Mbps DL

150Mbps DL

2*2 10MHz

2*2 5MHz

2*2 20MHz

28.22Mbps UL

11.5Mbps UL

75Mbps UL

2*2 10MHz

5MHz

2*2 20MHz

STANDARD

2005.12

2008. Q3

2009. Q3

New spectrum

3G spectrum

3G spectrum
New spectrum

Organizations Leading in LTE Ecosystem

NGMN

R
t
or
ep

m
ir e
qu
Re
t
en

m
re
i
qu
e
R

t
en

3GPP
Standard

LSTI

Key Requirements

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
ZTE LTE Solution

LTE/SAE System Architecture Evolution

PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function
HSS: Home Subscriber Server
MME: Mobile Management Entity

GERAN

SGSN

HSS

UTRAN
S6a

S3
S1-MME

MME

PCRF
S11

S4

S7

Rx+

S10
LTE-Uu
UE

E-UTRAN
S1-U

Serving
Gateway

S5

PDN
Gateway

SGi
Operator's IP Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)

E-UTRAN Structure
MME / S-GW

MME / S-GW

Mobility Management
Serving Gateway

EPC
S1

EPS

Interface between
MME/SGW & eNodeB

eNodeB

EUTRAN

RNC
Node B

X2

X2
X2
eNodeB

eNodeB

eNodeB

Interface between
eNodeBs
Only one Node in E-UTRAN eNodeB

Flexible band width

Evolved Packet Core EPC

Higher spectrum efficiency

Evolved Packet System EPS

High peak rate, Lower latency

EUTRAN/EPC Function Module

eNodeB Function

eNodeB

MME Function

MME

SGW Function

SGW

PDN GW Function

PDN GW

Compare the Architecture of LTE with 3G

MGW

IMS

MGCF

PSTN

P/I/S-CSCF

Ip network

PS

PCRF

EPC
PDN-GW

CS

GGSN

GMSC
CN

MME

S-GW

HSS

SGSN

Iu

S1

RNC
eNode B

RNC
RAN

eNode B
X2

E-UTRAN

MSC/VLR

Node B

Node B
UTRAN

Flat and IP-based Network Architecture for LTE

MSCS

RNC

MME
HSS

x-GW

PCRF

EPC

SGSN

Node B

Easy maintenance
Reduce transmission
delay

RNC

IP Backbone
Node B

Less investment

GGSN
HLR

MGW

Without RNC

LTE Flat Structure

WCDMA/HSPA

Better reliability

IP Backbone
eNode B

eNode B

MME/x-GW
Integrates CN & partial
RNC functions
eNode B

Flat network structure and IP-based network can reduce

the TCO of LTE network.

Full function of Node B

and major function of
RNC

LTE Characteristics
LTE Key Technologies

LTE Highlights
Higher
Higher Peak
Peak Data
Data Rate:
Rate:

Instantaneous
Instantaneous data
data rate
rate of
of
150Mbps
150Mbps for
for downlink
downlink and
and
50Mbps
50Mbps for
for uplink
uplink in
in 20MHz
20MHz
OFDM Modulation

64QAM

Higher
Higher Spectrum
Spectrum Efficiency:
Efficiency: 33-

44 times
times of
of HSDPA,
HSDPA, 2-3
2-3 times
times of
of
LTE Requirements

HSUPA
HSUPA
Flexible
Flexible Spectrum
Spectrum Allocation:
Allocation:

Scalable
Scalable channel
channel bandwidth
bandwidth
configuration,
configuration, Support
Support both
both
FDD
FDD &
& TDD
TDD
Better
Better Business
Business Experience:
Experience:

Lower
Lower latency
latency with
with less
less than
than
5ms
5ms in
in ideal
ideal conditions
conditions

Evolution Path of LTE Standards

LTE
R8

LTE-A
R9

Data
Service
Commercial
Ready

Data & VoIP

Large-scale
commercial
networking

R10

R11

LTE-Advanced
Higher efficiency and
throughput

So far, initial
Large scale
commercial
commercial
deployments are
networking begins
mainly based on
from 2011-2012
R8
can
the requirements of initial
fulfill
R8

commercialization;
R10 is a complete version for large-scale
commercialization

LTE Frequency and Bandwidth

E-UTRAN Band

UL: eNode B receive, UE transmit

DL: eNode B transmit, UE receive

FUL_low FUL_high

FDL_low FDL_high

Duplex
Mode

1920 MHz

1980 MHz

2110 MHz

2170 MHz

FDD

1850 MHz

1910 MHz

1930 MHz

1990 MHz

FDD

1710 MHz

1785 MHz

1805 MHz

1880 MHz

FDD

1710 MHz

1755 MHz

2110 MHz

2155 MHz

FDD

824 MHz

849 MHz

869 MHz

894MHz

FDD

830 MHz

840 MHz

875 MHz

885 MHz

FDD

2500 MHz

2570 MHz

2620 MHz

2690 MHz

FDD

880 MHz

915 MHz

925 MHz

960 MHz

FDD

1749.9 MHz

1784.9 MHz

1844.9 MHz

1879.9 MHz

FDD

10

1710 MHz

1770 MHz

2110 MHz

2170 MHz

FDD

11

1427.9 MHz

1452.9 MHz

1475.9 MHz

1500.9 MHz

FDD

12

[TBD]

[TBD]

[TBD]

[TBD]

FDD

13

777 MHz

787 MHz

746 MHz

756 MHz

FDD

14

788 MHz

798 MHz

758 MHz

768 MHz

FDD

...

33

1900 MHz

1920 MHz

1900 MHz

1920 MHz

TDD

34

2010 MHz

2025 MHz

2010 MHz

2025 MHz

TDD

35

1850 MHz

1910 MHz

1850 MHz

1910 MHz

TDD

36

1930 MHz

1990 MHz

1930 MHz

1990 MHz

TDD

37

1910 MHz

1930 MHz

1910 MHz

1930 MHz

TDD

38

2570 MHz

2620 MHz

2570 MHz

2620 MHz

TDD

Strong and Healthy LTE Industry Chain

3GPP Org.
Partners

Chipset
Provid
er

Termin
als
Provid
er

Networ
k
Provid
er

Instrume
nts
Provider

LTE Benefits for Operators and Users

User Experience ARPU
Throughput

Investment Protection

Latency

Reuse of
Sites and
infrastructure

HSPA

LTE

HSPA

HSPA+

Frequency bands

Scalable bandwidth

cost per Mbps

HSPA

Backhauling

LTE

Low Cost per Mbps

3G

LTE

Optimized spectrum usage

LTE Enriches the Mobile Services

Mobile Broadband Changes the Future Life
Mobile Email
Netmeeting
HD Video
Conference

Video Sharing
Video Blog
Video Chat
Information

Video on
Demand

Mobile
Shopping

Online Game

Mobile Bank

HD video
streanming

Mobile Stock

LTE improves user experience by high capacity,

quick response, high data-rate and better QoS.

LTE Improves Broadband Applications

Online Gaming <50 ms Latency

Permanent Sync.
DL/UL 1-2Mbps

Live Video/ Video Blogging

DL 6-8Mbps/UL 2Mbps

HD Video Streaming (720i or 1080i)

DL 6-10Mbps

LTE Investment World Map

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
ZTE LTE Solution

Key Technology Evolution

1G
FDMA

2G
TDMA

3G
CDMA

LTE
OFDM+MIMO+IP

LTE enhanced technology: OFDM, MIMO

LTE Key Technology Overview

OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Cancellation)

Link Adaptive Technology

Link adaptive technology can be realized by two
methods: power control and data speed control.
Normally, the link adaptive technology is data speed
control. In LTE, it is the Adaptive Modulation and
Coding technology. AMC can make eNode B duly
adjust modulation mode(QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) and
coding rate according to channel status which is feed
back by UE.
For the long-delay packet data, AMC can improve the
system capacity but no interference to the neighbor
cell.

Link Adaptive Technology-Power Control

Dynamically adjust Tx power, maintain the receivers SNR,

consequently guarantee link transmission quality.
When the channel condition becomes worse, it needs increasing Tx
power; when the channel condition becomes better, it needs reducing
Tx power. Then this can guarantee the invariable transmission data
speed.

Power control can avoid inner-cell users interference

Tx Power

Channel Quality

Data Speed

Link Adaptive Technology-AMC

Modulation mode
adaptive

Coding speed
adaptive

Make the best of channel condition

to transmit user data
Better Condition use higher speed
transmit user data
Worse Condition use lower speed
transmit user data

Time Domain-AMC
Frequency Domain -AMC
Space Domain-AMC

Link Adaptive Technology-AMC

To ensure link quality can be realized by adjusting modulation mode
and coding speed when the Tx power is not changeable.
When the channel condition is worse, choose the lower modulation
mode and data speed.
When the channel condition is better, choose the higher modulation
mode and data speed.

Data control can make the best of all

power

Tx Power

Channel Quality

Data Speed

Link Adaptive Technology-LTE Uplink and Downlink

Adaptive
CQI
Modulation
Coding speed x Efficiency

LTE uplink adaptive

technology is based on
uplink channel quality
tested by BS, and
straightly confirm the
modulation mode and
coding speed.
LTE downlink adaptive
technology is based on
CQI feed back by UE and
select the corresponding
modulation mode and
coding speed from predefined table.

1024

Out of scale

QPSK

78

0.1523

QPSK

120

0.2344

QPSK

193

0.3770

QPSK

308

0.6016

QPSK

449

0.8770

QPSK

602

1.1758

16QAM

378

1.4766

16QAM

490

1.9141

16QAM

616

2.4063

10

64QAM

466

2.7305

11

64QAM

567

3.3223

12

64QAM

666

3.9023

13

64QAM

772

4.5234

14

64QAM

873

5.1152

15

64QAM

948

5.5547

HARQ

FEC Forward Error Correction

ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest
HARQ=FEC+ARQ

FEC Communication System

Data
Transmission

FEC
Coding

Advantage:

Channel

FEC
Decoding

Data
Receiver

Disadvantage:

Higher system transmission efficiency

Lower

Automatic error correct, no feed back

Lower channel adaptive ability

To guarantee higher reliability, it needs

and retransmission

Lower time delay

reliability

longer code. So the coding efficiency is

lower, the complexity and cost are higher.

ARQ Communication System

Data
Transmission

Data
Receiver

Channel

ACK/NACK

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Complexity is lower

Continuity and real-time ability is

Reliability is higher

lower

Adaptability is higher

Transmission

efficiency is lower

HARQ Mechanism
FEC Coding
After receiving ACK,
transmit the next packet
After receiving NACK,
retransmit the original
packet

Forward
Channel

Reverse
Controller

FEC error verify and check

After receiving the correct
packet, send the ACK.
Otherwise, send NACK.

HARQ combines ARQ high reliability and FEC high efficiency

HARQ Characteristic

N-Process Stop-and-Wait
HARQ transmits and retransmits the transmission block.
Downlink

Asynchronous adaptive HARQ

ACK/NACK is transmitted by PUCCH or PUSCH.
PDCCH indicates HARQ program number, initial transmission or
retransmission.
Retransmission always is always scheduled by PDCCH.

Uplink

Synchronous HARQ
Configure the maximum retransmission times for each UE.
ACK/NACK is transmitted by PHICH.

HARQ- adaptive/non-adaptive HARQ

The HARQ processing is introduced into 3GPP from R5 HSDPA, and

reused in LTE.
eNodeB supports both Chase-Combing (CC) HARQ and IncrementalRedundancy (IR) HARQ. CC HARQ uses the same redundancy version
(RV) among all the transmission and retransmissions. IR HARQ uses the
different redundancy version (RV) among all the transmission and
retransmissions, to achieve the maximum combining gain.
The DL HARQ in LTE is an asynchronous adaptive one, which means the
retransmission can be arranged at any time after NACK is received for last
transmission, and the retransmission can use wireless resources different
with that of last transmission.
eNodeB supports UL synchronous non-adaptive and adaptive HARQ
processing, which means the retransmission have to occur in dedicated
sub-frame after NACK is received for last transmission, while the
retransmission can use the same or different wireless resources from last
transmission.

Channel Scheduling(1)

For one resource block, it will select the user with the
best channel transmission condition to schedule to
maximize the system throughput.
Multi-user diversity
Channel Quality

BS valid channel change

User1
User2
User3

time

Channel Scheduling(2)

LTE supports channel scheduling based on frequency

domain.
Time domain decline
Time domain decline

Downlink Based on common

reference signal
Uplink Based on test reference
signal

User#1 scheduling
User#2 scheduling

Fast Scheduling

Fast scheduling is namely packet scheduling. It

means fast service.
Scheduling Principle

Round Robin(RR)

Max C/I

Proportional Fairness(PF)

Scheduling Methods: TDM, FDM, SDM

Fast Scheduling
Polling based on time

Each user is served one by one, and

has the same average server time. But
the flux for each user is different due to
the diverse environment.

Polling based on flux

No matter what kind of environment the

user is located in, the user can be
served one by one and be guaranteed
to get the same flux.

Max C/I

PF

System will trace the wireless channels

C/I of each user, and confirm the users
priority by C/I to ensure the served user
at each moment have the maximum C/I
Integrate the methods above, look after
the most portion users satisfaction, and
guarantee
the
higher
system
throughput.

ICIC

ICIC(Inter Cell Interference Cancellation)

Scrambling
Frequency-Hopping Transmit
Beamforming and IRC
Inter Cell Interference Coordination
Power Control

ICIC-Scrambling

LTE makes use of sequence randomization to avoid inter cell

interference.
Normally, scrambling is after the channel coding, and before the
modulation. It is bit-scrambling.

PDSCH PUCCH format 2/2a/2b PUSCH Scrambling sequence is

related with UE id, cell id and slot start position.
PMCH Scrambling sequence is related with MBSFN id and slot start
position.
PBCH PCFICH PDCCH Scrambling sequence is related with cell
id and slot start position.

PHICHs scrambling is after modulation when the sequence is

expanding
Scrambling sequence is related with cell id and slot start position.
User 1
interleaving
Scrambling

ICIC- Frequency Hopping Transmit

LTE supports Frequency-Hopping transmission in

downlink and uplink, it can randomize the inter cell
interference.

Except PBCH, the other downlink physical control

channels resource mapping is related with cell id.
PDSCH, PUSCH and PUCCHs Frequency Hopping
transmission is in sub-frame.
PUSCHs Frequency Hopping transmission happens
among the sub-frames.

ICIC-Beamforming

Increase the expected users signal strength.

Decrease the interference to the other users.
Specially, if beamforming has known the location of the
user who was interfered, it will reduce the power to this
location.
expected user

Interfered user

ICIC-IRC
IRC (Interference Rejection Combining)
When the receiver has multi-antennas, the receiver can use the
multi-antennas to decrease the inter-users interference. The
principle is to weight the received signal, restrain the strong
interference.

Target BS

Interference BS

downlink

uplink

Interference MS

ICIC- Inter Cell Interference Coordination(1)

LTE supports static ICIC algorithms. And there is no load information

exchange through X2 interface for static ICIC.
Based on RSRP measurement on serving cell and neighboring cells of
the same frequency, UE can be divided into two groups: cell center
users and cell edge users. The cell center users, whose received
signal strengthen of serving cell is better than neighbors, are not likely
to interfere or be interfered by users in neighbor cells;
Based on cell topology and frequency division method (Fractional FR
or Soft FR), all PRB resources can be classified into cell edge
preference and cell center dedicated PRBs, without overlapping.
These PRB resources can be allocated statically, or semi-statically;
The frequency reuse factor for Fractional FR is 1 for cell central users,
and 3 for cell edge users.

ICIC- Inter Cell Interference Coordination(2)

V

Frequency Resource Coordination

Power Resource Coordination

ICIC-Power Control

Inter-Cell Power Control

To control the target cell IoT by informing the IoT to the other cell.
Intra-Cell Power Control
Compensate the path loss and shadow fading to save the UE
transmission power, try to decrease the interference to the other
cells, keep the IoT under a certain level.

Expected Signal

Target Cell
TPC

Overload Indicator

Non-Target Cell

Power Control

Power control is used in PUSCH, PUSCH and

SRS.

PUSCH TPC is given by PUSCHs scheduling

signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other users
TPC(DCI format 3/3A).
PUCCHs TPC is given by PDSCHs scheduling
signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other users
TPC(DCI format 3/3A).
SRS has no specific TPC, it borrows PUSCHTPC, and
be informed the power warp by higher layer.

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
ZTE LTE Solution

Product Solution
Transport Solution
Antenna Solution
Terminal Solution

ZTE All-around LTE Solution

E-UTRAN

UE

EPC

HSS
Rural

Urban
Express
card

Suburban

Dense
Urban

Transmission
Network

Handset

Hotspot
Home
eNodeB

USB
dongle

CPE

PCRF

BS8800

BS8900

B8200+
R8860

B8300+
Micro/Pico RRU

Femto ENB

IMS

Internet
MME/SGW PGW

Full Series LTE Product Line

LTE TERMINAL

WITH VOICE
SOLUTION

LTE ACCESS

SINGLE RAN &

PLUS

LTE TRANSPORT

LTE CORE

MICROWAVE

uMAC
xG W

ZTE Unified Radio Sub-System Platform

One Network Target
GSM/EDGE

UMTS/HSPA

TD-SCDMA

CDMA2000

WiMAX

LTE

ZTE Universal SDR Platform

GSM/EDGE
UMTS/HSPA
LTE

Distributed

IntegratedUniversal

RRU
RRU

RSU

Features

MicroTCA architecture
Multi-Standard support
BBU

Baseband sharing and

software configurable
RRU sharing and

BBU

software configurable

Future-Proof
Future-Proof Platform
Platform with
with Smooth
Smooth Evolution
Evolution Support
Support

GSM/LTE Dual-mode System to Co-existence

with UMTS
ZTE SDR Platform

09 Q3 launch
LTE hardware ready

LTE

GSM

Cost effective solution

GSM/LTE Dual-mode Platform

+10 years GSM system

1.
Replace by GSM/LTE
dual-mode system

LTE system

G/L dual-mode
2. Software upgrade

UMTS/LTE Dual-mode System to Prove

Future Evolution
UMTS/LTE System

UMTS/LTE System
GSM System

Existed GSM system

2. GSM replace by
U/L system
1.
Build a new UMTS/LTE
dual-mode system

3. Software upgrade

LTE system

UMTS

LTE

UMTS/LTE dual-mode Platform

ZTE SDR Based Uni-RAN Solution

GSM & WCDMA CN
& SAE

BSC/RNC

IP based
backhaul

LTE

RRU@2.6GHz

LTE & UMTS

S1

Iub/Abis

LTE, GSM, UMTS

Baseband Unit

RRU @2.1GHz

LTE & GSM

Distributed system architecture

Multimode operation

RRU @900/1800MHz

ZTE Unified O&M Solution

3rd Party
NMS/OSS/BSS

NMS/OSS/
BSS

CORBA

EMS

FM/PM/CM/IM

NetNumen

TM

M31

FILE

SNMP
FM

FM/PM/CM/IM

ASCII
FM

DB
FM/PM/CM/IM

Fault
Management

Performance
Management

Configuration
Management

Accounting
Management

SON
Functions

Security
Management

Inventory
Management

System
Management

Topology
Management

NE

BSS

UTRAN

EPS

TD-SCDMA

WiMAX

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
ZTE LTE Solution

Product Solution
Transport Solution
Antenna Solution
Terminal Solution

LTE Backhaul Transmission Bandwidth

Requirement

64

HKCSL LTE Trial Network Architecture

HKCSL LTE Trial QoS Requirement

HKCSL LTE Trial QoS Solution

HKCSL LTE Trial Security Solution

HKCSL LTE Trial DHCP server Deployment

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
ZTE LTE Solution

Product Solution
Transport Solution
Antenna Solution
Terminal Solution

Scheme
1:GSM900+GSM1800/UMTS2100+LTE2600
900M

1710-2170M

1920-2690M

2.6GHz LTE involved

1800/2100
combiner

900M
GSM
RRU

1800M
GSM
RRU

2100M
UMTS
RRU

2600M
LTE
RRU

Scheme
2:GSM900+GSM1800+UMTS2100/LTE1800
900M

1710-2170M

1920-2690M

1.8GHz LTE involved

Tips : intra-band
combination lead around 3
db loss
1800/2100
combiner

900M
GSM
RRU

1800M
GSM
RRU

2100M
UMTS
RRU

1800M
LTE
RRU

Scheme3:GSM900+GSM1800/UMTS2100
+ LTE1800 /LTE2600
900M

1710-2170M

1920-2690M

2.6GHz LTE and 1.8GHz cosite

1800/2100
combiner

900M
GSM
RRU

1800M
GSM
RRU

2100M
UMTS
RRU

1800/2600
combiner

1800M
LTE
RRU

2600M
LTE
RRU

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
ZTE LTE Solution

Product Solution
Transport Solution
Antenna Solution
Terminal Solution

IOT with third part

ES
(700MHz)

Sept.09

FPGA IOT test

(ongoing)

Oct.09

09 Dec. IOT start

(2.6GHz)

FFA(2.6GHz)

09 Oct. PHY IOT

(2.6GHz)

Apr.10

10.Mar. IOT start

(1.8GHz)

09 Dec. L1/L2/L3 IOT

(2.6GHz)

S1/S11 IOT
(2.6GHz)
Nov.09

09Q3

09Q4

10Q1

10Q2

10Q3