INTERNET

ØInternet is a “network of networks” that consists of

millions of smaller domestic, academic, business,
and government networks, which together carry
various information and services, interlinked Web
pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.
ØThe Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standardized
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), serving billions of
users worldwide.
ØIt is a network of networks that consists of millions
of private and public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope that
are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables,
wireless connections, and other technologies.
 HISTORY OF
INTERNET

ØThe origins of t he Int ernet reach back t o t he 1960s w hen t he

Unit ed St at es funded research project s of it s m ilit ary agencies
t o build robust , fault -t olerant and dist ribut ed com put er
net works.
ØJ.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global net w ork of
com put ers in 1962, and m oved over t o t he Defense Advanced
Research Project s Agency (DARPA) in lat e 1962 t o head t he
work t o develop it .
Ø By t he end of t he 1960s, t he Depart m ent
of Defense const ruct ed one of t he first
physical net works of com put ers by linking
nodes at t he Universit y of California at Los
Angeles, SRI (in St anford), Universit y of
California at Sant a Barbara, and Universit y of
Ut ah. This w as known as t he Advanced
Research Project s Agency Net work
(ARPANET), and it grew quickly in t he early
1970's, reaching 57 int erconnect ed nodes in
t he net w ork by July, 1975.
ØIt was only a couple years aft er ARPANET
began t hat t he first e-m ail program for t he
net w ork was creat ed by Ray Tom linson in
1971.
ØIt wasn't unt il 1974 t hat t he t erm " int ernet "
w as first used. The first docum ent at ion of t he
t erm was in a paper by Vint on " Vint " Cerf and
Bob Kahn on Transm ission Cont rol Prot ocol
(TCP).
 Network
• LAN MAN WAN
• Local Metropolitan Wide
• Campus City Country

MAN

MAN Network
 BASIC HARDWARE
COMPONENTS
• Network interface cards
• A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card)
is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers
to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical
access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level
addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.
• Repeaters
• A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an
obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances
without degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet
configurations, repeaters are required for cable which runs
longer than 100 meters.
• Hubs
• A network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at
one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for
transmission. The destination address in the frame is not
changed to a broadcast address

•
 BASIC HARDWARE
COMPONENTS
• Bridges
• A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all
ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through
specific ports.
• Bridges come in three basic types:
• Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
• Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between
LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end
networks, largely have been replaced with routers.
• Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.
• Switches
• A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams
(chunk of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on
the MAC addresses in the packets.
• Routers
• A router is a networking device that forwards packets between networks using
information in protocol headers and forwarding tables to determine the best
next router for each packet.

•
 ROUTER

• A router is a networking
device whose software
and hardware are usually
tailored to the tasks of
routing and forwarding
information.
 MODEM
• Modem (from modulator-
demodulator) is a device
that modulates an
analog carrier signal to
encode digital
information, and also
demodulates such a
carrier signal to decode
the transmitted
information.
 TRANSMISSION MODES
• TWISTED PAIR CABELS
• COAXIAL CABLE
• OPTICAL FIBER
• SATALITE
•


SOME
 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
OF
 INTERNET ……
 What is Protocol??
 The common set of rule is called a protocol. To
have a free data transfer from computer networks
using different technology such as Ethernet,
token ring or any type of connection such as bus,
star common set of rules are made which are
called protocols. Some important utilities are:


• TCP/IP is the collection of protocols. It provides

the rules of communication among computers
using different technologies.
•
• FTP is used to transfer files from servers to
clients and vice-versa.
• HTTP delivers requested web pages, allowing users to
view them eg- http://www.yahoo.com.
•
• SMTP and POP enable mail to be routed to an mail server
and then picked up by a recipient’s server while IMAP
enables mail to be sorted being downloaded by the
recipient.
•
• SSL ensures that information transmissions are encrypted.
•
• Telnet is a utility program that enable work to be done
remotely.
•
• Finger is a utility program that allows you to find out who
is logged onto a remote network.
•
• Ping is a utility program that allows users to verify a
connection between a client and the server.
• Hypertext is a way of formatting pages with
embedded links that connect documents to one
another and that also links pages to other
objects.
•
• URL’s(Uniform Resource Locators) are the
addresses at which web pages can be found.
•
• HTML is a programming language used to create
most web pages.
•
• XML is a newer markup language that allows
designers to describe data and information.
•
 What is an IP address??


 IP address is a host address represented by a string

of 32 bits which is divided into four 8-bit blocks (or
octets) and each octet is represented as a decimal
number.
 e.g. 191.170.54.12 contains four number groups
separated by dots.


 What do we mean by WWW??



 The World Wide Web(www) is an organization of files

designed around a group of servers on internet,
programmed to handle requests from browser
software that resides on user’s PC. The name is based
on the fact that information that make up a may come
from anywhere in the world.



• INTRANET
 Intranet is a networked environment which
refers to strictly ‘within company’ type of
information exchange. It is restricted to
internal employees and customers, with
firewalls to keep out non-employees.


• EXTRANET
 Extranet share information with business
partners via the internet. It is shared intranet
deploying e-commerce within the large
community of an organization including its
vendors, contractors suppliers and key
customers.

 Services provided by
internet
• Communication services
•
•
• Information retrieval services
•
•
• Web services
 Communication services

• e-m ail
• USENET newsgroups (forum s)
• Chat t ing
• Inst ant m essaging
• Telnet
• Int ernet t elephony
• Int ernet fax
• St ream ing audio& video
 Inf or m a t ion r e t r ie va l
se r vice s
• Allows users t o access huge online
library cat alogs, dat abases.
•
• Users can download free, high qualit y
soft ware m ade available by
developers.
•
 Web Services

• Are unique pieces of com put er codes

accessed t hrough a websit e t hat
delivers a specific funct ion.
•
• Allows to transparently access rich
software content from any site.
•
• Ability to deliver applications to users at
much lower cost.
Uses Of Internet In Corporate Sector

Ø Communication
– email, discussion groups, exchange
documents
l
l
Ø Research
– Search engines
– Resource sharing
•
 Uses Of Internet In Corporate Sector

Ø Publishing
– web presence, newsletters, brochures, reports


Ø Fundraising & Marketing

– research funding opportunities, requests for
proposals, general info


Ø E-Commerce
– product enquiry's, take orders, sell products